Phenolic composition total antioxidant antiradical and antimicrobial potential of endemic Glaucium A

Aysen ÖZCANDIR; Falah Saleh MOHAMMED; Mustafa SEVİNDİK; Candan AYKURT; Zeliha SELAMOĞLU; Hasan AKGÜL

doi:10.14744/sigma.2024.00006

Article Open Access1 January 2024

Phenolic composition total antioxidant antiradical and antimicrobial potential of endemic Glaucium A

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Aysen ÖZCANDIR^*, Falah Saleh MOHAMMED, Mustafa SEVİNDİK, Candan AYKURT, Zeliha SELAMOĞLU, and Hasan AKGÜL

^* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 2024, Vol. 42, Issue 1, pp. 42-48; doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2024.00006

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Abstract

Plants have been used by many communities for different purposes such as food, shelter, medicine. The present study aimed to determine phenolic content and biological potential of Glaucium alakirensis Aykurt, K. Yıldız & A. Özçandır, which is endemic to Antalya (Turkey). Phenolic composition of the plant was analyzed with HPLC device, while antiradical activity was determined by DPPH method. Antimicrobial tests were conducted with agar dilution method against standard bacteria and fungus strains. Total antioxidant and oxidant status were determined using Rel Assay kits. As a result of HPLC analysis, the presence of catechin, chlorogenic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin and gallic acid was determined. Plant ex-tracts were effective against microorganisms at concentrations of 50-200 μg/mL. It was de-termined that the plant has high antiradical activity. It is also thought to be used as a natural source for relieving oxidative stress.

Keywords: Antimicrobial; Antiradical; Antioxidant; Medicinal Plants; Phenolic

Introduction

Herbal medicine, phyto-nutritional products or nutraceuticals are used in the treatment of diseases in different regions in the world [1,2]. Plants are quite rich in various secondary metabolites such as phenols or tannins [3,4]. These compounds exhibit strong protective biological activities in living organisms [5,6]. Previous studies

reported that plants have anti-proliferative, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimutagenic, antithrombotic, liver protective and estrogenic effects [7-13]. Glaucium Miller (1754) is a distinct genus due to its two stigmas, bicornute and stipitate, and its acrid, non-milky sap among the Papaveraceae family genera. This genus, indigenous in Europe, Central and Southwest Asia, includes

*Corresponding author. *E-mail address: falah.sindy@uoz.edu.krd This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Regional Editor Banu Mansuroglu Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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about 25 species [14,15]. There are about 17 species in Iran [16]. In Turkey, there are 11 taxa, including 6 endemic ones, and Turkey is the second richest country in this plant [1719]. Glaucium alakirensis was discovered at Alakır Valley (Kumluca, Antalya) in 2017, and published. Phenological studies reported that the plant flowers during May and June, and bears mature fruits during June and August [20]. G. alakirenis, which has only two populations in the habitat range and is represented by fewer than 50 mature individuals, was listed as CR D in IUCN (2012) red list for endangered species [20]. The present study aimed to determine DPPH free radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial activity and oxidative stress status of G. alakirenis, as well as conducting phenolic content analyzes on the species. The objective of the present study was to reveal the potential protective properties of G. alakirenis species, which was not previously researched for biological activities.

Antiradical Activity The antiradical activity in the plant sample was determined using DPPH method (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (Sigma, Aldrich)). Stock solutions that included 1 mg/mL extract were prepared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 50μL of the solution was added to 160μL of 0.039% DPPH. The final solution samples were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature in darkness. The sample absorbance values were determined by spectrophotometer at 517 nm following the incubation [22]. Caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid were used as reference antioxidants. Antiradical activity rates were calculated with the following formula.: Scavenging activity (%) = [(ADPPH-ASample) / ADPPH)] x100.

Materials And Methods

The plant material tested in the study was collected in Alakır valley (Kumluca, Antalya) (Figure 1). Plant herbarium samples were stored in Akdeniz University Herbarium (AKDU). Plant specimens were dried under adequate laboratory conditions. The samples were then powdered by a mechanical grinder. 30 g powder material was weighed and then extracted with ethanol in Soxhlet extractor. Determination of Phenolic Content Phenolic compounds in the plant were scanned with the SHIMADZU system HPLC device [21]. The presence of Gallic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Cinnamic acid, Syringic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Quercetin, Caffeic acid, Coumaric acid, Benzoic acid, t-phenolic, Hesperidin, Rosmarinic acid, Hydroxybenzoic acid and Sinapic acid was scanned in the HPLC device. The volume for the injection process was set to 20 µL. 0.8 mL was set as the flow rate. A: 3% acetic acid and B: methanol were used as mobile phase. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column (250x4.6 mm id 5 μm) at 30 °C.

Antimicrobial Activity Tests The effects of the plant sample on bacteria and fungi were determined by agar dilution method. The bacteria for which the plant extract was tested (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) were cultured in Muller Hinton Broth (Merck) medium. The fungi for which the plant extracts were tested (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and C. tropicalis ATCC 13803) were cultured in RPMI 1640 broth medium. Test extracts were adjusted with DMSO at 6.25-800 µg/ mL concentrations. Fluconazole was used as a standard for fungi, while Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin were used as standards for bacteria. The concentrations of plant extracts that inhibit proliferation were determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) [23-25]. Determınatıon of TAS, TOS and OSI The antioxidant (TAS) and oxidant (TOS) potentials of the plant sample were determined using Rel Assay commercial kits (Assay Kit Rel Diagnostics, Turkey). Trolox was used as calibrator in antioxidant tests. Hydrogen peroxide was used as calibrator in oxidant tests [26,27]. The units of TOS and TAS values were equated and proportioned, then

Figure 1. Glaucium alakirensis Aykurt, K. Yıldız & A. Ozcandır.

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the percentages were taken and the oxidative stress index (OSI) value was obtained [28].

the physical defense system against free radicals, which are harmful by-products of normal aerobic cellular respiration [51]. In cases where endogenous antioxidant content is insufficient, the adverse effects of oxidative stress can be reduced with supplemental antioxidant intake. Thus, antioxidant activity tests are important for the determination of new antioxidant sources. In the present study, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of G. alakirensis was determined and the findings are presented in Table 2. It was determined that the DPPH free radical scavenging percentage of the plant sample ethanol extracts increased with the increase in extract concentration. It was observed that G. alakirensis demonstrated a higher antioxidant activity when compared to caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, which were used as the standards in the study. No previous studies were conducted on the G. alakirensis plant. However, several studies were conducted on Glaucium genus plants. In studies conducted on G. contortuplicatum Boiss., G. elegans Fisch. & C. A. Mey, G. fimbrilligerum Boiss. and G. flavum Crantz, it was reported that these plants can be used as antioxidant sources [52,53]. In the present study, it was determined that the DPPH free radical scavenging rate of G. alakirensis ethanol extracts was high. As reported in similar studies on different species in the literature, the present study results demonstrated that G. alakirensis species can be used as a strong natural antioxidant source as well.

Results And Discussion

Phenolic Content Phenolic compounds are organic acids composed of one or more hydroxyl groups attached to one or more aromatic rings and play a significant role in human health due to their pharmacological effects although they possess no nutritional properties [29,30]. The phenolic compounds in G. alakirensis extracts utilized in the study were analyzed with HPLC and the results are presented in Table 1. The analysis findings demonstrated that phenolic compounds, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were found in the plant. Gallic acid has been reported to have many biological activities. These have been reported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidepressant, antidiabetic, cardioprotective effects [31-39]. It has been reported that chlorogenic acid has anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties [40,41]. Quercetin, epicatechin and catechin have been reported to have important biological effects such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory [42-46]. It was reported that hydroxy benzoic acid has antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antiviral, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects [47]. In the present study, it was determined that G. alakirensis might be a natural antioxidant source in healthcare due to the presence of above-mentioned phenolic compounds. Antiradical Activity Oxidative stress occurs when excessive amounts of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species exceed the endogenous antioxidative capacity of cells that stimulate the oxidation of macromolecules such as proteins, enzymes, lipids and DNA [48-50]. Antioxidant compounds play a vital role in

TAS, TOS and OSI TAS (mmol/L), TOS (μmol/L) and OSI values for G. alakirensis ethanol extract were determined with Rel Assay commercial kits and presented in Table 3.

Table 3. TAS, TOS and OSI values of G. alakirensis G. alakirensis

0.73. ppm

Table 2. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of G. alakirensis (% inhibition) Caffeic acid

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The analyses conducted in the context of the present study, it was determined that the TAS value of G. alakirensis was 3.496±0.121 mmol/L, the TOS value was 2.204±0.259 μmol/L and the OSI value was 0.063±0.009. Although there was no previous study on G. alakirensis, various TAS values were reported on different plants. It was reported that TAS value of Salvia sclarea L. was 4.40 mmol/L [54]. It was determined that the TAS value of G. alakirensis, used in the present study, was lower than the values determined for S. sclarea plant in the obove-mentioned study. Furthermore, it was reported that the TAS value of Mentha longifolia (L.) HUDSON subsp. longifolia (L.) HUDSON was 3.628 mmol/L, the TOS value was 4.046 μmol/L and the OSI value was 0.112[55]. TAS value of Datura stramonium L. was determined as 7.559 mmol/L, TOS value was 10.711 μmol/L, and OSI value was 0.142 [56]. TAS value of Marrubium globosum Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. was determined as 7.677 mmol/L, TOS value as 12.387 μmol/L and OSI value as 0.162 [57]. TAS value of Galium aparine L. was determined as 5.147 mmol/L, TOS value as 12.387 μmol/L and OSI value as 0.162 [58]. TAS value of Ferulago platycarpa Boiss. & Balansa was determined as 5.688 mmol/L, TOS value as 15.552 μmol/L and OSI value as 0.273 [11]. TAS value of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. was determined as 3.086 mmol/L, TOS value as 21.532 μmol/L and OSI value as 0.698 [59]. The TAS value is an indicator of the whole of the endogenous antioxidant compounds in the plant [60]. TAS value of G. alakirensis was determined higher than A. capillus-veneris and lower than M. longifolia subsp. longifolia, D. stramonium, M. globosum, G. aparine and F. platycarpa. TAS value of G. alakirensis was found to be at normal levels. In this context, it is thought that the plant may be a natural antioxidant source. TOS value shows the whole of the oxidant compounds produced as a result of environmental factors and metabolic activities of the plant. The OSI value is an indicator of how much the oxidant compounds produced within the plant are suppressed by the antioxidant defense system [60]. The OSI and TOS values of G. alakirensis were determined to be lower than that of A. capillus-veneris, M. longifolia subsp. longifolia, D. stramonium, M. globosum, G. aparine and F. platycarpa. Due to the low levels of oxidative compounds, which are produced

as a result of environmental and metabolic effects, in the plant, it was considered that the region where the plant was collected was a more suitable region for the growth of the plant. Antimicrobial Activity The antimicrobial activity was determined with G. alakirensis ethanol extract and the findings are presented in Table 4. The negative and adverse effects of synthetic drugs administered against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and other microorganisms led individuals to prefer natural resources [61,62]. The identification, safe and active use of new natural resources is very important in the fight against these microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity tests demonstrated that G. alakirensis ethanol extracts exhibited different levels of antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms in all administered doses. It was determined that the plant extract was effective against E. coli, C. albicans and C. tropicalis at 50 μg/mL concentration. It was also observed that 100 μg/mL extract concentrate was effective on S. aureus and E. faecalis. Furthermore, it was determined that the extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa at 200 μg/mL concentration. Although there are no previous studies where biological activity alalyses were conducted on G. alakirensis, in other studies conducted on other species in the same genus, it was determined that G. grandiflorum Boiss. A. Huet, G. oxylobum Boiss. & Buhse, and G. paucilobum species methanol and chloroform extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae [63]. It was reported that G. grandiflorum Boiss. & A.Huet. var. grandiflorum methanol extract was active against Candida krusei [64]. It was reported that G. elegans methanol extracts was active against S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus anthracis and Proteus sp. [65]. G. flavum was reported to exhibit activities against Geotricum candidum, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and K. pneumoniae [66]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the alkaloid fraction of G. vitellinum Boiss. & Buhse species was active against S. typhimurium [67]. In addition to the above-mentioned studies, the analyses conducted within the context of the present study demonstrated that

Table 4. Antimicrobial activity of G. alakirensis S. aureus (µg/mL)

*200, 100 ve 50 (µg/mL) extract concentrates affecting microorganisms

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the endemic G. alakirensis ethanol extracts were active against gram-positive, gram-negative and fungal strains. It is suggested that the tested plant species could be used as a natural antimicrobial source, similar to the species mentioned-above.

Conclusion

In the present study, phenolic compound profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, TAS, TOS and OSI values of G. alakirensis, an endemic plant prevalent in Antalya province, Turkey, were determined. Analysis findings demonstrated that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin and hydroxybenzoic acid were present in the plant structure. It was also found that the plant species demonstrated high antioxidant potential. It was observed that the plant sample could be a natural antimicrobial source against the tested microorganisms, in addition to its antioxidant potential. It was determined that the G. alakirensis could be ultimately used as a potential pharmacological agent as a result of the analyses conducted for the first time in the present study.

Data Availability Statement

The authors confirm that the data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article. Raw data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Conflict Of Interest

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

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ÖZCANDIR, A.; MOHAMMED, F.S.; SEVİNDİK, M.; AYKURT, C.; SELAMOĞLU, Z.; AKGÜL, H. Phenolic composition total antioxidant antiradical and antimicrobial potential of endemic Glaucium A. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 2024, Vol. 42, pp. 42-48. https://doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2024.00006

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Article Open Access1 January 2024

Phenolic composition total antioxidant antiradical and antimicrobial potential of endemic Glaucium A

Order Reprints Cite Share

Aysen ÖZCANDIR^*, Falah Saleh MOHAMMED, Mustafa SEVİNDİK, Candan AYKURT, Zeliha SELAMOĞLU, and Hasan AKGÜL

^* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 2024, Vol. 42, Issue 1, pp. 42-48; doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2024.00006

Download PDF View DOI record

Abstract

Keywords: Antimicrobial; Antiradical; Antioxidant; Medicinal Plants; Phenolic

Introduction

Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024

Materials And Methods

Figure 1. Glaucium alakirensis Aykurt, K. Yıldız & A. Ozcandır.

Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024

the percentages were taken and the oxidative stress index (OSI) value was obtained [28].

Results And Discussion

TAS, TOS and OSI TAS (mmol/L), TOS (μmol/L) and OSI values for G. alakirensis ethanol extract were determined with Rel Assay commercial kits and presented in Table 3.

Table 3. TAS, TOS and OSI values of G. alakirensis G. alakirensis

0.73. ppm

Table 2. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of G. alakirensis (% inhibition) Caffeic acid

Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024

Table 4. Antimicrobial activity of G. alakirensis S. aureus (µg/mL)

*200, 100 ve 50 (µg/mL) extract concentrates affecting microorganisms

Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024

Conclusion

Data Availability Statement

Conflict Of Interest

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

References

Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues erinary medicines. Pak J Biol Sci 2012;15:754−774. relating to adverse reactions and challenges in mon- [CrossRef] itoring safety. Front Pharmacol 2014;4:177. [CrossRef] [14] Kadereit JW. Papaveraceae. In: Kubitzki K, editor.
Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, The families and genera of vascular plants. Springer- Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, et al. Anacardium Verlag; 1993. p. 494-506. [CrossRef] plants: chemical, nutritional composition and bio- [15] Kiger RW. Glaucium Miller. In: Wilson AJG, editor. technological applications. Biomolecules 2019;9:465. Flora of Australia, vol. 2. ABRS/CSIRO Publishing; [CrossRef] 2007. p. 387-389.
Benzie IF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal medi- cine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. CRC Press; der Gattung Glaucium Miller (Papaveraceae). 2011. [CrossRef] Feddes Repertorium 1979;89:499−594. [CrossRef] Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024 47
Arslan S. Glaucium Mill. In: Guner A, Aslan S, Ekim T, Vural M, Babaç MT, editors. Türkiye Bitkileri Petrovick PR. Anti-inflammatory, antiallodynic Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul Nezahat Gökyiğit effects and quantitative analysis of gallic acid in Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları; 2012. p. 663-664. [Turkish] spray dried powders from Phyllanthus niruri leaves,
Yıldırımlı S. Türkiye'nin jipizçin bitki çeşitliliği stems, roots and whole plant. Rev Bras Farmacogn cenneti: Kepen, Sivrihisar, Eskişehir, 13 yeni üye. 2013;23:124−131. [CrossRef] Türkiye. Ot Sistematik Bot Derg 1991;19:34-38. [32] Borges A, Ferreira C, Saavedra MJ, Simões M.
Yıldız K, Mungan F, Batır MB, Kılıç M, Kuh M. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic Revision on Glaucium Mill. in Turkey. Celal Bayar and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria. Microb University Coordination of Scientific Research Drug Resist 2013;19:256−265. [CrossRef] Projects, Project Number: 2013-18; 2013. p. 77. [33] Chhillar R, Dhingra D. Antidepressant-like activ-
Aykurt C, Yildiz K, Özçandır A, Mungan F, Deniz ity of gallic acid in mice subjected to unpredict- IG. Glaucium alakirensis (Papaveraceae), a new able chronic mild stress. Fundam Clin Pharmacol species from Southern Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa. 2013;27:409−418. [CrossRef] 2017;295:255−262. [CrossRef] [34] Griffith R, Chanphen R, Leach SP, Keller PA. New
Caponio F, Alloggio V, Gomes T. Phenolic compounds anti-malarial compounds from database searching. of virgin olive oil: influence of paste preparation tech- Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002;12:539−542. [CrossRef] niques. Food Chem 1999;64:203−209. [CrossRef] [35] Guan HH, Ming HH, Chuan SC, Shyh SH, Pei HSH,
Shimada K, Fujikawa K, Yahara K, Nakamura T. Ming TY, et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autox- activities of aqueous extracts of Fructus Ligustri idation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Lucidi. J Food Drug Anal 2012;20:617−627. Agric Food Chem 1992;40:945−948. [CrossRef] [36] Kroes BH, van den Berg AJ, van Ufford HCQ, van
Hindler J, Hochstein L, Howell A. Preparation of Dijk H, Labadie RP. Anti-inflammatory activity of routine media and reagents used in antimicrobial gallic acid. Planta Med 1992;58:499−504. [CrossRef] susceptibility testing. Part 1. McFarland standards.
Nayeem N, Asdaq SMB, Salem H, Ahel-Alfqy S. In: Isenberg HD, editor. Clinical microbiology pro- Gallic acid: a promising lead molecule for drug cedures handbook, vol. 1. American Society for development. J Appl Pharm Sci 2016;8:213. [CrossRef] Microbiology; 1992. p. 5.19.1−5.19.6.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A. Gallic acid induces GLUT4 translocation and Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells. FEBS Lett Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved 2010;584:531−536. [CrossRef] Standard-Seventh Edition. CLSI Document M7-A7.
Roberto DG, Remigio LS, Elias OS, Hector TA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2003. Comparative antibacterial effect of gallic acid and
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal catechin against Helicobacter pylori. LWT - Food Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard- Sci Tech 2013;54:331−335. [CrossRef] Second Edition. NCCLS document M27-A2. [40] Zhao M, Wang H, Yang B, Tao H. Identification Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2004. of cyclodextrin inclusion complex of chlorogenic
Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement acid and its antimicrobial activity. Food Chem method for total antioxidant capacity using a new 2010;120:1138−11342. [CrossRef] generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin [41] Maalik A, Bukhari SM, Zaidi A, Shah KH, Khan FA. Biochem 2004;37:277−285. [CrossRef] Chlorogenic acid: a pharmacologically potent mole-
Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method cule. Acta Pol Pharm 2016;73:851−854. for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem [42] Cushnie TT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of fla- 2005;38:1103−1111. [CrossRef] vonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:343−356.
Sevindik M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial capac- [CrossRef] ity of Lactifluus rugatus and its antiprolifera- [43] Alrawaiq NS, Abdullah A. A review of flavonoid tive activity on A549 cells. Indian J Tradit Know quercetin: metabolism, bioactivity and antioxidant 2020;19:423−427. [CrossRef] properties. Int J PharmTech Res 2014;6:933−941.
Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, anal- ysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. activity and detection of (−) epicatechin in the Molecules 2010;15:7313−7352. [CrossRef] methanolic extract of stem of Tinospora cordifolia. J
Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kirkin C, Özçelik B, Food Sci Tech 2013;50:567−572. [CrossRef] Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, et al. Antioxidant, [45] Duangyod T, Palanuvej C, Ruangrungsi N. antimicrobial, and anticancer effects of Anacardium Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification plants: an ethnopharmacological perspective. Front of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in Pentace bur- Endocrinol 2020;11:295. [CrossRef] manica stem bark. Pharma Res 2014;6:251. [CrossRef] 48 Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024
Shay J, Elbaz HA, Lee I, Zielske SP, Malek MH, Hüttemann M. Molecular mechanisms and ther- Dogan M, Yumrutas Ö, Sevindik M. Some biolog- apeutic effects of (−)-epicatechin and other ical activities of ethanol extract of Marrubium glo- polyphenols in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, bosum. Turkish JAF Sci Tech 2021;9:1129−1132. and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev [CrossRef] 2015;2015:181260. [CrossRef] [58] Korkmaz N, Dayangaç A, Sevindik M. Antioxidant,
Manuja R, Sachdeva S, Jain A, Chaudhary J. A com- antimicrobial and antiproliferative activi- prehensive review on biological activities of p-hy- ties of Galium aparine. J Fac Pharm Ankara droxy benzoic acid and its derivatives. Int J Pharm 2021;45:554−564. [CrossRef] Sci Rev Res 2013;22:109−115. [59] Mohammed FS, Sevindik M, Bal C, Akgul H,
Sulaiman M, Tijani HI, Abubakar BM, Haruna S, Selamoglu Z. Biological activities of Adiantum Hindatu Y, Mohammed JN, Idris A. An overview of capillus-veneris collected from Duhok Province natural plant antioxidants: analysis and evaluation. (Iraq). Commun Fac Sci Univ Ank Series C Adv Biochem 2013;1:64−72. [CrossRef] 2019;28:128−142.
Mohammed FS, Akgul H, Sevindik M, Khaled BMT. Phenolic content and bio- M. Antioxidant and oxidant status of medicinal logical activities of Rhus coriaria var. zebaria. Fresen plant Echium italicum collected from different Environ Bull 2018;27:5694−5702. regions. Turkish JAF Sci Tech 2021;9:1902−1904.
Mohammed FS, Günal S, Şabik AE, Akgul H, [CrossRef] Sevindik M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activ- [61] Odonkor ST, Addo KK. Bacteria resistance to anti- ity of Scorzonera papposa collected from Iraq and biotics: recent trends and challenges. Int J Biol Med Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Univ Doğa Res 2011;2:1204−1210. Bilim Derg 2020;23:1114−1118. [CrossRef] [62] Sevindik M, Akgul H, Selamoglu Z, Braidy
Ou B, Huang D, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan N. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of JA, Deemer EK. Analysis of antioxidant activities Infundibulicybe geotropa mushroom collected of common vegetables employing oxygen radical from Northwestern Turkey. Oxid Med Cell Longev absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing 2020;2020:5620484. [CrossRef] antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: a comparative [63] Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M, Mahdavi ME. study. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:3122−3128. Antibacterial studies on extracts of three species of [CrossRef] Glaucium from Iran. Pharm Biol 2005;43:234−236.
Souri R, Amin G, Dehmobed-Sharifabadi A, Nazifi [CrossRef] A, Farsam H. Antioxidative activity of sixty plants [64] Tosun A, Bahadir Ö, Altanlar N. Antimicrobial from Iran. Iran J Pharm Res 2010;3:55−59. activity of some plants used in folk medicine in
Mohamed ME, Arafa AM, Soliman SS, Eldahmy SI. Turkey. Turk J Pharm Sci 2006;3:167−176. Plant germination and production of callus from the [65] Soureshjan EH, Heidari M. In vitro variation in yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum): the first stage antibacterial activity plant extracts on Glaucium of micropropagation. Pharmazie 2014;69:715−720. elegans and saffron (Crocus sativus). Bangladesh J
Yuce E, Yildirim N, Yildirim NC, Paksoy MY, Bagci Pharmacol 2014;9:275−278. E. Essential oil composition, antioxidant and anti- [66] Arafa AM, Mohamed MES, Eldahmy SI. The aerial fungal activities of Salvia sclarea L. from Munzur parts of yellow horn poppy (Glaucium flavum Cr.) Valley in Tunceli, Turkey. Cell Mol Biol 2014;60:1−5. growing in Egypt: isoquinoline alkaloids and biolog-
Sevindik M, Akgul H, Pehlivan M, Selamoglu Z. ical activities. J Pharm Sci Res 2016;8:323. Determination of therapeutic potential of Mentha [67] Mehrara M, Pourramezan M, Asgarpanah longifolia ssp. longifolia. Fresen Environ Bull J, Rahimifard N, Khoshnood S, Heidary H. 2017;26:4757−4763. Comparison of the antimicrobial effect of metha-
Mohammed FS, Kına E, Sevindik M, Dogan M, nolic total extracts and petroleum ether fractions Pehlivan M. Datura stramonium (Solanaceae): anti- of flowering aerial parts of Glaucium vitellinum oxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Turkish JAF Boiss. & Buhse and Gaillonia aucheri Jaub. & Spach. Sci Tech 2021;9:818−821. [CrossRef] Novelty Biomed 2017;5:4−29.

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[1] Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues erinary medicines. Pak J Biol Sci 2012;15:754−774. relating to adverse reactions and challenges in mon- [CrossRef] itoring safety. Front Pharmacol 2014;4:177. [CrossRef] [14] Kadereit JW. Papaveraceae. In: Kubitzki K, editor.

[2] Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, The families and genera of vascular plants. Springer- Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, et al. Anacardium Verlag; 1993. p. 494-506. [CrossRef] plants: chemical, nutritional composition and bio- [15] Kiger RW. Glaucium Miller. In: Wilson AJG, editor. technological applications. Biomolecules 2019;9:465. Flora of Australia, vol. 2. ABRS/CSIRO Publishing; [CrossRef] 2007. p. 387-389.

[3] Benzie IF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal medi- cine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. CRC Press; der Gattung Glaucium Miller (Papaveraceae). 2011. [CrossRef] Feddes Repertorium 1979;89:499−594. [CrossRef] Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024 47

[4] Arslan S. Glaucium Mill. In: Guner A, Aslan S, Ekim T, Vural M, Babaç MT, editors. Türkiye Bitkileri Petrovick PR. Anti-inflammatory, antiallodynic Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul Nezahat Gökyiğit effects and quantitative analysis of gallic acid in Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları; 2012. p. 663-664. [Turkish] spray dried powders from Phyllanthus niruri leaves,

[5] Yıldırımlı S. Türkiye'nin jipizçin bitki çeşitliliği stems, roots and whole plant. Rev Bras Farmacogn cenneti: Kepen, Sivrihisar, Eskişehir, 13 yeni üye. 2013;23:124−131. [CrossRef] Türkiye. Ot Sistematik Bot Derg 1991;19:34-38. [32] Borges A, Ferreira C, Saavedra MJ, Simões M.

[6] Yıldız K, Mungan F, Batır MB, Kılıç M, Kuh M. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic Revision on Glaucium Mill. in Turkey. Celal Bayar and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria. Microb University Coordination of Scientific Research Drug Resist 2013;19:256−265. [CrossRef] Projects, Project Number: 2013-18; 2013. p. 77. [33] Chhillar R, Dhingra D. Antidepressant-like activ-

[7] Aykurt C, Yildiz K, Özçandır A, Mungan F, Deniz ity of gallic acid in mice subjected to unpredict- IG. Glaucium alakirensis (Papaveraceae), a new able chronic mild stress. Fundam Clin Pharmacol species from Southern Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa. 2013;27:409−418. [CrossRef] 2017;295:255−262. [CrossRef] [34] Griffith R, Chanphen R, Leach SP, Keller PA. New

[8] Caponio F, Alloggio V, Gomes T. Phenolic compounds anti-malarial compounds from database searching. of virgin olive oil: influence of paste preparation tech- Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002;12:539−542. [CrossRef] niques. Food Chem 1999;64:203−209. [CrossRef] [35] Guan HH, Ming HH, Chuan SC, Shyh SH, Pei HSH,

[9] Shimada K, Fujikawa K, Yahara K, Nakamura T. Ming TY, et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autox- activities of aqueous extracts of Fructus Ligustri idation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Lucidi. J Food Drug Anal 2012;20:617−627. Agric Food Chem 1992;40:945−948. [CrossRef] [36] Kroes BH, van den Berg AJ, van Ufford HCQ, van

[10] Hindler J, Hochstein L, Howell A. Preparation of Dijk H, Labadie RP. Anti-inflammatory activity of routine media and reagents used in antimicrobial gallic acid. Planta Med 1992;58:499−504. [CrossRef] susceptibility testing. Part 1. McFarland standards.

[11] Nayeem N, Asdaq SMB, Salem H, Ahel-Alfqy S. In: Isenberg HD, editor. Clinical microbiology pro- Gallic acid: a promising lead molecule for drug cedures handbook, vol. 1. American Society for development. J Appl Pharm Sci 2016;8:213. [CrossRef] Microbiology; 1992. p. 5.19.1−5.19.6.

[12] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A. Gallic acid induces GLUT4 translocation and Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells. FEBS Lett Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved 2010;584:531−536. [CrossRef] Standard-Seventh Edition. CLSI Document M7-A7.

[13] Roberto DG, Remigio LS, Elias OS, Hector TA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2003. Comparative antibacterial effect of gallic acid and

[14] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal catechin against Helicobacter pylori. LWT - Food Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard- Sci Tech 2013;54:331−335. [CrossRef] Second Edition. NCCLS document M27-A2. [40] Zhao M, Wang H, Yang B, Tao H. Identification Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2004. of cyclodextrin inclusion complex of chlorogenic

[15] Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement acid and its antimicrobial activity. Food Chem method for total antioxidant capacity using a new 2010;120:1138−11342. [CrossRef] generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin [41] Maalik A, Bukhari SM, Zaidi A, Shah KH, Khan FA. Biochem 2004;37:277−285. [CrossRef] Chlorogenic acid: a pharmacologically potent mole-

[16] Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method cule. Acta Pol Pharm 2016;73:851−854. for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem [42] Cushnie TT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of fla- 2005;38:1103−1111. [CrossRef] vonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:343−356.

[17] Sevindik M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial capac- [CrossRef] ity of Lactifluus rugatus and its antiprolifera- [43] Alrawaiq NS, Abdullah A. A review of flavonoid tive activity on A549 cells. Indian J Tradit Know quercetin: metabolism, bioactivity and antioxidant 2020;19:423−427. [CrossRef] properties. Int J PharmTech Res 2014;6:933−941.

[18] Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, anal- ysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. activity and detection of (−) epicatechin in the Molecules 2010;15:7313−7352. [CrossRef] methanolic extract of stem of Tinospora cordifolia. J

[19] Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kirkin C, Özçelik B, Food Sci Tech 2013;50:567−572. [CrossRef] Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, et al. Antioxidant, [45] Duangyod T, Palanuvej C, Ruangrungsi N. antimicrobial, and anticancer effects of Anacardium Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification plants: an ethnopharmacological perspective. Front of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin in Pentace bur- Endocrinol 2020;11:295. [CrossRef] manica stem bark. Pharma Res 2014;6:251. [CrossRef] 48 Sigma J Eng Nat Sci, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42−48, February, 2024

[20] Shay J, Elbaz HA, Lee I, Zielske SP, Malek MH, Hüttemann M. Molecular mechanisms and ther- Dogan M, Yumrutas Ö, Sevindik M. Some biolog- apeutic effects of (−)-epicatechin and other ical activities of ethanol extract of Marrubium glo- polyphenols in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, bosum. Turkish JAF Sci Tech 2021;9:1129−1132. and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev [CrossRef] 2015;2015:181260. [CrossRef] [58] Korkmaz N, Dayangaç A, Sevindik M. Antioxidant,

[21] Manuja R, Sachdeva S, Jain A, Chaudhary J. A com- antimicrobial and antiproliferative activi- prehensive review on biological activities of p-hy- ties of Galium aparine. J Fac Pharm Ankara droxy benzoic acid and its derivatives. Int J Pharm 2021;45:554−564. [CrossRef] Sci Rev Res 2013;22:109−115. [59] Mohammed FS, Sevindik M, Bal C, Akgul H,

[22] Sulaiman M, Tijani HI, Abubakar BM, Haruna S, Selamoglu Z. Biological activities of Adiantum Hindatu Y, Mohammed JN, Idris A. An overview of capillus-veneris collected from Duhok Province natural plant antioxidants: analysis and evaluation. (Iraq). Commun Fac Sci Univ Ank Series C Adv Biochem 2013;1:64−72. [CrossRef] 2019;28:128−142.

[23] Mohammed FS, Akgul H, Sevindik M, Khaled BMT. Phenolic content and bio- M. Antioxidant and oxidant status of medicinal logical activities of Rhus coriaria var. zebaria. Fresen plant Echium italicum collected from different Environ Bull 2018;27:5694−5702. regions. Turkish JAF Sci Tech 2021;9:1902−1904.

[24] Mohammed FS, Günal S, Şabik AE, Akgul H, [CrossRef] Sevindik M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activ- [61] Odonkor ST, Addo KK. Bacteria resistance to anti- ity of Scorzonera papposa collected from Iraq and biotics: recent trends and challenges. Int J Biol Med Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Univ Doğa Res 2011;2:1204−1210. Bilim Derg 2020;23:1114−1118. [CrossRef] [62] Sevindik M, Akgul H, Selamoglu Z, Braidy

[25] Ou B, Huang D, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan N. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of JA, Deemer EK. Analysis of antioxidant activities Infundibulicybe geotropa mushroom collected of common vegetables employing oxygen radical from Northwestern Turkey. Oxid Med Cell Longev absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing 2020;2020:5620484. [CrossRef] antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: a comparative [63] Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M, Mahdavi ME. study. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:3122−3128. Antibacterial studies on extracts of three species of [CrossRef] Glaucium from Iran. Pharm Biol 2005;43:234−236.

[26] Souri R, Amin G, Dehmobed-Sharifabadi A, Nazifi [CrossRef] A, Farsam H. Antioxidative activity of sixty plants [64] Tosun A, Bahadir Ö, Altanlar N. Antimicrobial from Iran. Iran J Pharm Res 2010;3:55−59. activity of some plants used in folk medicine in

[27] Mohamed ME, Arafa AM, Soliman SS, Eldahmy SI. Turkey. Turk J Pharm Sci 2006;3:167−176. Plant germination and production of callus from the [65] Soureshjan EH, Heidari M. In vitro variation in yellow hornpoppy (Glaucium flavum): the first stage antibacterial activity plant extracts on Glaucium of micropropagation. Pharmazie 2014;69:715−720. elegans and saffron (Crocus sativus). Bangladesh J

[28] Yuce E, Yildirim N, Yildirim NC, Paksoy MY, Bagci Pharmacol 2014;9:275−278. E. Essential oil composition, antioxidant and anti- [66] Arafa AM, Mohamed MES, Eldahmy SI. The aerial fungal activities of Salvia sclarea L. from Munzur parts of yellow horn poppy (Glaucium flavum Cr.) Valley in Tunceli, Turkey. Cell Mol Biol 2014;60:1−5. growing in Egypt: isoquinoline alkaloids and biolog-

[29] Sevindik M, Akgul H, Pehlivan M, Selamoglu Z. ical activities. J Pharm Sci Res 2016;8:323. Determination of therapeutic potential of Mentha [67] Mehrara M, Pourramezan M, Asgarpanah longifolia ssp. longifolia. Fresen Environ Bull J, Rahimifard N, Khoshnood S, Heidary H. 2017;26:4757−4763. Comparison of the antimicrobial effect of metha-

[30] Mohammed FS, Kına E, Sevindik M, Dogan M, nolic total extracts and petroleum ether fractions Pehlivan M. Datura stramonium (Solanaceae): anti- of flowering aerial parts of Glaucium vitellinum oxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Turkish JAF Boiss. & Buhse and Gaillonia aucheri Jaub. & Spach. Sci Tech 2021;9:818−821. [CrossRef] Novelty Biomed 2017;5:4−29.

Phenolic composition total antioxidant antiradical and antimicrobial potential of endemic Glaucium A

Abstract

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results And Discussion

0.73. ppm

Conclusion

Data Availability Statement

Conflict Of Interest

Ethics

References

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Phenolic composition total antioxidant antiradical and antimicrobial potential of endemic Glaucium A

Abstract

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results And Discussion

0.73. ppm

Conclusion

Data Availability Statement

Conflict Of Interest

Ethics

References

Share and Cite

Related Articles