An experimental assessment of performance and emission analysis on a green microalgae biodiesel di e

Abstract

Keywords: Biodiesel; Diesel Engine; Emission; Green Microalgae; Nanoparticles; Performance

Introduction

In the transportation, defence, power generation, agriculture, and farming sectors, diesel engines are essential sources of power. They produce high power output, are highly energy-efficient, and are simple to maintain [1]. Global warming threatens the ecological harmony of the planet. Scientists are analysing eco-friendly and economically feasible options in

light of recent fuel hardships [2]. Efforts are being made to find an affordable and environmentally friendly fuel source. The use of biodiesel with CI engines is becoming more common because fossil fuels are depleting and fuel prices are high, as well as pollution from exhaust gases [3]. Microalgae are non-edible and grows in freshwater, marine water, and non-agriculture-suitable lands, so it will not affect human

*Corresponding author. *E-mail address: balumitauto@gmail.com This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Editor-in-Chief Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

nutrition [4]. Biofuels made from green algae are non-toxic, contain no sulphur, and decompose quickly. The left-over material can be used as soil fertilizer or to produce ethanol after oil extraction. Thus, it can be used as a biodiesel feedstock. Moreover, green microalgae have a high growth rate due to the fact that they can double their mass within five to fifteen days, as well as a high production rate. As a result of the large amount of CO2 required for higher production of Green Microalgae biomass, it plays a significant role in CO2 biofixation processes. Biodiesel from microalgae outperforms petroleum on many parameters, including environmental ones. There is, however, one major drawback to biodiesel: its high cost disparity with petroleum diesel. Because of this, biodiesel is not viewed as a complete replacement for petroleum distillates, but rather as an additional fuel, such as B20, that requires no modification to the engine [5]. The physicochemical properties of algae biofuel blends as well as mixtures can, however, are improved to improve emission and combustion characteristics. The inclusion of combustible nanoparticles will likely improve the performance of CI engines powered by biodiesel. Nanomaterials also have the advantage of not clogging fuel injectors and also filters, which is possible when micron-sized particles are present. Literature review reveals that the majority of the work focuses on biodiesel blends with neat diesel of various proportions [6]. In an alternative proportion, a suitable oxide nano additive was combined with biodiesel to improve its physical and chemical properties. A micro or nano additive could be added to neat diesel according to research. The fact that biodiesel research has a significant gap based on these details supports this information [7].

Nano additives should not have a particle size greater than 100 nanometers according to the survey. In a diesel engine, longer blends of Bi2O3 cause various problems, such as incomplete combustion, viscosity, and atomization. The current study evaluated the Performance and emission characteristics of a DI engine based on nano blends.

Material And Methods

Green Microalgaeoil Extraction It is possible to produce biofuels from microalgae. There are a variety of biofuels that can be produced using algal biomass as a feedstock. Many organic solvents and combinations of organic solvents have been suggested for selectively separating lipids from a complex mixture of organic compounds. It is usually chloroform that is used in these methods of solvent extraction, though it is not feasible to extract lipids at a large scale due to environmental and health concerns. There have been many studies carried out to investigate less-toxic, but less effective, solvents for microalgae lipid extraction, including ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, MTBE, acetic acid ester, hexane, and combination thereof. The extraction of lipids from microalgae is also accomplished mechanically, both at pilot scale and at scales commercially. In contrast to chemical methods, mechanical methods are more effective since the type of microalgae is less dependent on it. It is also less likely that the extracted lipid product will be contaminated by them. Energy inputs required by the above methods are usually higher than those required by chemical or enzymatic methods, however [8].

Table 1. As measured by ASTM standard for B20 and Bi2O3 Properties

Experimental Setup

Research was conducted on a water-cooled, four-stroke single-cylinder DI diesel engine. Based on engine brake load testing of 3.1 kW (part load) and 5.2 kW (maximum load) using biodiesel blends, engine brake powers of 3.1 kW and 5.2 kW respectively were measured at 1500 rpm. A piezoelectric pressure transducer measured the in-cylinder pressure on the cylinder head. The first law of thermodynamics was used to calculate heat release rates for 100 cycles using AVL Indicom software. As part of the measurement, CO, HC, and NO emissions were measured with a digasanalyzer from AVL. By timing the amount of time the engine took to consume 10 cc of fuel available in the burette, fuel consumption was calculated. The engine was operated for 25 minutes before taking the readings to ensure stable operation and reach 75°C cooling water temperature. As shown in Figure 2, there are various measuring setups on the research engine. Table 2 provides detailed engine specifications. The uncertainty of the various measurements is shown in Table 3.

Results And Discussion

Brake Thermal Efficiency The variation of BTE with load is shown in Figure 4. In contrast to diesel fuel with the full load condition, B20 fuel with 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 100 ppm fuel samples exhibit better BTEs. The thermal efficiency of engines with green microalgae blends increased significantly with the addition of Bi2O3 nanoparticle. The thermal performance of the engine is significantly improved B20 with Bi2O3 nanoparticle is added to blends. In comparison to the other blend, the amount of heat released when the fuel ignited was increased, resulting in a higher BTE [10].

fuel blends with Bi2O3 nano additives, the BSFC is lowest, whereas in fuel blends with diesel the BSFC is highest. This is due to the fact that B20 with Bi2O3 improves fuel properties and reduces ignition delay time, which results in full combustion.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption The results are shown in Figure 5 for diesel, B20P25ppm, B20P50ppm, B20P75ppm, and B20P100ppm loads. In

Carbon Monoxide (CO) As seen in Figure 6, the load affects carbon monoxide levels. In diesel, due to low oxygen levels and incomplete combustion, there are more CO pollutants than in blends of B20 with Bi2O3. Nanoparticles also improve combustion and reduce ignition delay in biodiesel blends. A high engine temperature results in a lack of oxygen and a long oxidation period, which results in incomplete combustion for B100 and B50 fuels [11].

Hydrocarbons (HC) Figure 7 shows HC pollutants’ variation. As a result of a better combustion process and a higher cetane number, blends of B20 with Bi2O3 nanoparticles have been observed to produce fewer HC emissions than diesel. By using a relative air-fuel mixture of B20 and a higher cetane number, the ignition delay is reduced, which reduces the amount of HC emissions [12].

higher oxygen content lead to higher NOx emissions due to increased adiabatic flame temperature. Reducing the temperature of the exhaust gases reduces NOx emissions for B20 blends [13]. Smoke Opacity In Figure 9, we show the variation of smoke opacity with fuel loading for all fuel samples. In comparison with diesel, blends of B20 with Bi2O3 have a lower smoke opacity. With a higher cetane index and more oxygen, blends of B20 with Bi2O3 burn more efficiently, which results in less smoke opacity. Nanoparticles also improve combustion efficiency by reducing smoke opacity and shortening ignition delays [14].

Figure 7. Hydrocarbons vs load. The Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) It shows Figure 8 the deviations of NOx at several loads. During high loads, the combustion temperature increases and more NOx is released. In contrast to diesel, blends of B20 with Bi2O3 emit more NOx. Biodiesel blends with

Ethics

A four-stroke direct injection diesel engine is used to study the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel, such as green microalgae biodiesel blended with Bi2O nano additive. The following conclusions were drawn from the results • In nanoparticle combustion, the lighter surface areato-volume ratio allows more fuel to react with the air, improving combustion characteristics. BTE (5%) is enhanced as a result. • As nanoparticles improve the physical properties of fuel and reduce the ignition delay time, BSFC (10%) decreases. • It is observed that Bi2O3 blend fuels produce the least CO (12%), HC (12%), and smoke (15%) emissions when compared to diesel , while Bi2O3 blend fuels produce the most NOx (10%) emissions. Furthermore, the green microalgae oil biodiesel and its diesel blends can be used to substitute diesel fuel without any engine modifications. In an evaluation of the engine test results, it was determined that microalgae oil biodiesel is much more economical than the current fossil fuel. In future studies, different nano-additives and proportions of nano-additives will be tested for their impact on engine characteristics.

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

Nomenclature

Bismuth oxide Carbon dioxide Energy Dispersive Spectrum Scanning electron microscope Brake thermal efficiency Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbon Oxides of Nitrogen Methyl tert-butyl ether

Authorship Contributions

K. Sekharraj: Investigation, Writing - original draft. Visualization. Dr.P.Balu: Supervision. A M Saravanan: Writing review, editing &Validation. R.Ravisankar: Conceptualization, Methodology

Data Availability Statement

The authors confirm that the data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article. Raw data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Conflict Of Interest

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

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