A recapitulation of solar dryers in realm - evaluating geometry modes thermal energy storage and app

Abstract

Keywords: Agricultural Produce; FEA Analysis; Heat Storage Materials; Mathematical Models; Modes of Solar Drying; Shapes of Solar Dryers

Introduction

Food is an essential requirement for human beings to sustain their nourishment and ensure their survival. India holds a prominent position as one of the world’s largest

food-producing countries, however it’s observed that wastage of food due to poor food preservation techniques is a serious concern. According to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), there is an estimated 35-40%

*Corresponding author. *E-mail address: yogesh.kokate@gmail.com This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Editor-in-Chief Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

loss of agricultural produce during the post-process harvest stage in India. Inadequate drying techniques contribute to post-process harvest losses of agricultural produce, which can range from 5 to 25% [1–4]. Moreover, efficient and sustainable food production and preservation techniques are demanding to cater ever-increasing global population need. An agricultural country like India, solar drying system has demonstrated to be a realistic and economically viable solution to dry fruits and vegetables [5,6]. Through an examination of previous literature, it has been noted that numerous researchers have explored the application of solar dryers for a wide range of agricultural produce such as, onion chips [7], potatoes [8,9], tomatoes [10–13], carrot [14–16], ginger [5,17–19], garlic [20–22], turmeric [19,23,24], chili [25–31], pepper [32], apple [33,34], mangoes [35–38], grapes [39], pineapple [40,41], wheat [42], corn [43], fish [44–46] and many more using different solar dryer geometries. Open sun drying (OSD), a traditional method of preserving food, is associated with several drawbacks and disadvantages. Sun drying is accompanied by significant disadvantages, including food deteriorate by decomposition, insect, loss due to adverse climatic conditions like rain, moisture, dust and wind, as well as the risk of loss from bird droppings and animals [47]. Moreover, open sun drying demands substantial labor, consumes significant time and necessitates a considerable amount of space. Now days artificial mechanical drying methods have become more popular due its fast desiccation rate to address these challenges. Nevertheless, this approach is characterized by high energy consumption (approx. 60% energy) being utilized for heating and drying the food product. Consequently, this leads to increased operational costs for the setup [48].

Solar thermal energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy source for the desiccation of agricultural produce. The solar dryer becomes favorable and feasible solution due to the huge concern about use of conventional fossil fuels attributed atmospheric pollution for desiccating agricultural produce. Solar drying process not only use the freely available solar energy but also can help to decrease greenhouse gas emission eventually improve air quality. Therefore, solar drying stands out as the most effective green energy solution to mitigate the disadvantages inherent in artificial mechanical drying and open sun drying methods. Additionally, it enhances product quality, improves overall process efficiency, and contributes to environmental protection [49–52]. The literature provides a comprehensive investigation of the effectiveness of different solar dryer designs. The primary objective of this paper is to offer an extensive summary of the research highlight while emphasizing potential literature gaps for future investigations. To discuss the manuscript systematically and understand the various aspects of drying technology for preserving food it is better to draw a mind diagram as depicted in Figure 1. The analysis considers several aspects of the solar dryer, including its geometry, modes, agricultural products, heat storage materials, mathematical models, and validation via Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The findings of this study aid in designing innovative solar dryer shapes and developing them for diverse agricultural produce in future research endeavors.

Geometry

In the past research, various types of shapes and geometries have been utilized to develop solar dryers to desiccate

agricultural produce. The solar dryer’s shape is crucial for maximizing the capture of sunlight and enhance its overall performance. Cabinet [53, 54], natural rack dryer [55], Geodesic dome [56], and solar greenhouse tunnel type [57] are among the commonly used shapes in solar dryers by various researcher. During this session, a comprehensive discussion is presented, explaining the various geometries that have been used in the solar dryers by different authors. Cabinet Solar Dryer Researchers led by Pangavhane et al. [58] developed a solar dryer for drying grapes using natural convection. The dryer consisted of a solar air heater and a drying chamber, as depicted in Figure 2. The performance of the developed

solar dryer was assessed by comparing it with shade drying and open sun drying methods. The results showed that the grapes were successfully dried in the solar dryer, taking only 4 days and yielding higher quality raisins. In contrast, shade drying required 15 and open sun drying required 7 days. The average air temperature at the dryer inlet ranged from 51.9°C to 64.6°C over the 5-day period, in the same time the solar radiation varied between 605 and 673 W/m2. The solar air collector’s daily mean efficiency ranged from 48% to 56% during these days. Additionally, the desiccating time reduced by 43% in solar dryer compared to the open sun drying. Kokate et al. [59] conducted a trial on indirect cabinet solar dryer specifically for drying onion and garlic as illustrated in Figure 3. The researchers compared the experimental results obtained from this dryer with those from an open solar dryer (OSD). The drying times for 1 kg of onion was 36 hours and 300 gm of garlic was 188 hours to dry in the dryer. The solar dryer cabinet reached a maximum temperature of 47.6°C at 2 pm. Over the course of 24 hours of experimentation, the moisture content of the onion samples decreased to 25%, while the moisture content of the garlic samples decreased to 60%. In contrast, the OSD maintained moisture contents of 67% and 63% for onion and garlic, respectively . Solar Greenhouse Tunnel Dryer Ragul Kumar et al. [60] developed natural convection large scale solar greenhouse dryer for their research project as shown in Figure 4. The dimensions of the greenhouse were 10 meters x 4 meters x 3 meters (length x width x height) at field level. The performance of the solar

Figure 3. Indirect cabinet solar dryer [From Kokate et al. [59], with permission from Elsevier].

Figure 4. Solar greenhouse drier for desiccating of red chilli.

dryer was assessed by drying red chilli, which exhibited a decrease in moisture content from 79% (w.b.) to approximately 10% (w.b.) within 55 hours, in comparison to the 124 hours required for open-sun drying. This indicates a 56% reduction in drying time. The highest recorded temperature inside the dryer was 64°C. The greenhouse effect resulted in a temperature difference of 10-28°C in the dryer. These findings indicate the efficacy of the developed solar greenhouse dryer in reducing the desiccating time for red chilli. In this research paper, M. S. Seveda presents a study focused on the investigation of a passive solar tunnel dryer specifically for desiccating dibasic calcium phosphate. The dryer is depicted in Figure 5. The designed system consists of a solar collector with a surface area of 134.74 m2, while the floor space of the dryer measures 78.75 m2. During a two-day testing period, wet dibasic calcium phosphate with a load of 1500 kg was expected to dry from 62.87% to 10.62% (dry basis). The temperature difference between the

Figure 6. Solar tunnel poly-house dryer for desiccation of cotton.

interior of the solar tunnel and the ambient air was noted 18–21°C. In the summer season, the maximum temperature in the dryer under no-load & full load conditions were observed to be 63.1°C & 60°C at 15:00 h, while the minimum temperature was 29.4°C & 30.1°C observed at 8:00 h, respectively. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed passive solar tunnel dryer for drying dibasic calcium phosphate, highlighting its potential for application in various agricultural produce [61]. For drying surgical cotton Rathore et al. [62] specifically designed and tested an industrial-scale poly house walk-in type solar tunnel dryer based on natural convection. The dryer, depicted in Figure 6, can dry cotton from 600 kg to 390 kg where cotton moisture content of 40% (wet basis) turns to 5% (wet basis) in approximately 8 hours. The difference between the average air temperature inside the tunnel and ambient air temperature was found to be 18-20°C. On a typical day, under no load conditions and full load conditions, the maximum temperature inside the solar tunnel dryer was observed to be 54.6°C and 53.8°C at 1:30 PM and 2:00 PM, respectively. In this research study, the performance of tent house solar dryer works on mixed-mode natural convection was developed and tested byVerma et al. [63]. The 1.12 m2 solar flat plate collector area was specifically designed for the drying of potato slices in the dryer. The utilization of the polycarbonate sheet used in the tent facilitated direct irradiance heat transfer from the sun to dryer, ultimately leading to improved dryer performance as illustrated in Figure

7. The investigation shows that drying of potato slices from

85.25% initial moisture content to 14.75% during solar natural convection drying, in contrast open sun drying took 6 h longer duration to attain the same level. The maximum dryer efficiency was recorded to be 26.62% for 2.5 mm thick potato and 21.61% for 5.0 mm thick potato slices. These results highlight the potential of tent house solar dryer works on mixed-mode natural convection for efficient drying of various agricultural produce.

Figure 8. Evacuated tube collector solar dryer with heat energy storage. Figure 7. Tent house mixed-mode solar dryer.

Evacuated Tube Collector Solar Dryer Mathew et al. [64] developed evacuated tube heat pipe collector, forced convection solar dryer integrated with thermal energy storage material as shown in Figure 8 for drying carrots and tomatoes. To enhance the drying duration as the thermal energy storage material Therminol 55 was used. The trials were conducted with five different individual mass flow of air 0.003 kg/s - 0.02 kg/s, as well as a combined mass flow rate of two air (0.015 kg/s and 0.0065 kg/s) also tested. The maximum air outlet temperature from the collector recorded was 118 °C. By utilizing the combined mass flow rate the average air outlet collector temperature was 67 °C, while in single mass flow rate air temperature decreased to 56 °C leads to reduce the drying time by 2 h. Dutta et al. [65] conducted a study on the evacuated tube indirect solar dryer. The test was carried out with (ETDP) and without (ETD) phase change material as illustrated in Figure 9. The drying characteristics and quality of pretreated turmeric slices for three different samples (control, peeled, and cured samples) were investigated. In ETD and

ETDP test results recorded 9 h and 11 h duration to achieve final moisture content for different pre-treated turmeric samples, respectively. The set up ran at no load condition and noted the average temperature of drying chamber was 69.4°C and 60.9°C in ETD and ETDP, respectively. The results highlighted that ETDP retained maximum quality, whereas it was noted that drying time reduces in ETD. Jahromi et al. [66], conducted experimental trials on the thermal-economic analysis of solar dryer work in indirect mode to dry Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.). Dryer comprises evacuated tube collector connected to thermal storage consist of phase change materials, as illustrated in Figure 10. The activation energy increases by utilization of phase change materials to 33.4 kJ/mol during desiccation, eventually resulting in an improvement in the solar system efficiency by 1.5 -7.8 %. The optimum flow rate of air was determined at 0.09 kg/s based on considerations regarding quality, exergetic and economic aspects, of the dryer assisted with PCM. For three different flow rates of air 0.025, 0.05, and 0.09 kg/s the drying duration was recorded as 960, 930, and 900 minutes without PCM while with PCM the drying duration was reduced to 870, 840, and 810 minutes, respectively for the same airflow rates.

Figure 9. Forced circulation evacuated tube collector solar dryer.

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of evacuated solar dryer with PCM.

The ANSYS Workbench software (Fluent subprogram 17.2) was utilized to simulate the heat storage material PCM and temperature profile during thermal energy charging and discharging has been discussed in detailed in the study. In this research article, Shringi et al. [67] utilized indirect solar dryer had heat pipe collector connected to heat storage and dehumidifier unit as illustrated in Figure 11. The dryer system was tested at approximately 65°C drying air temperature. The Midilli et al. model was best fitted for the experimental results among different five kinetics models for garlic cloves. With and without recirculation of air into drying chamber, the efficiency of drying process varied from 43.06 to 83.73% and 3.98 to 14.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the results highlighted the exergy efficiency of the drying process ranged from 5.01 to 55.30% and 67.06 to 88.24% with and without recirculation of air respectively. In this study, Wang et al. [68] tested an active indirect solar dryer with heating unit for drying mango slices, as

shown in Figure 12. The dryer comprises of heat pipe solar air collector with an exposed surface area of 5.24 m2. The dryer achieved thermal efficiency in the range from 30.9% to 33.8% by attaining the specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) was 1.67 (kg water/kW·h) at 52°C air cabinet temperature. The solar dryer performance was evaluated by drying 24 kg of sliced mango at four temperatures 40, 44, 48, and 52°C. The dryer took approximately 13 h to dry mango slice from an initial moisture content (MC) of

30. The drying behavior capacity of 2 kg of bitter gourd, was

analyzed for flow rate of air 0.06 kg/s under three distinct environmental conditions that varied with solar irradiation. The drying time for bitter gourd in all modification in set up from 92% to 12% (wet basis) was determined 15 h, 11 h, and 11 h in setup1, setup2, and setup3, respectively,

The sample was soaked in alkali solution (1% of sodium hydroxide) heated to 90°C for 3 sec.

while open sun drying required 18h. The efficiencies of the ISD setups were found to be 17.3%, 18.9%, and 19.6% for setup1, setup2, and setup3, respectively. Gilago and Chandramohan [123], proposed indirect solar dryers developed to investigate passive and active (PISD and AISD) mode drying kinetics of pineapple with a heat energy storage material using paraffin wax, as depicted in Figure 31. The paraffin wax incorporated in the experiment has a melting point temperature range of 56-60°C and possesses desirable attributes such as non-hazardous nature, physical solid state, colorless appearance, chemical stability, and recyclability. During the evening period of the experiment, the PISD and AISD were monitored, and their respective average temperatures (Tav), maximum temperatures (Tmax), and minimum temperatures (Tmin) were recorded. The PISD yielded measurements of 38.6°C, 42°C, and 35°C for Tav, Tmax, and Tmin, respectively, while the AISD yielded Tav, Tmax, and Tmin values of 34.6°C, 41°C, and 30°C, respectively. Furthermore, the dryer and collector efficiencies of the active dryer were observed to be 25.77% and 16.52% higher, respectively, compared to the passive dryer. The respective drying efficiencies of the PISD and AISD were found to be 9.7% and 11.9%. Additionally, pineapple took 16 h to dry in the passive dryer and 14 h in the active dryer, to decrease the moisture to 0.417 from

35. The findings revealed that placing the PCMs on the

Table 8. Summary of FEA analysis Sr. Experimental Set up No. and Food product dried

Jain et al. [149] Solar flux contour and heat flux counter in the dryer depicted by the simulation. Simulation showed the temperature distribution profile inside the solar dryer and noticed the maximum temperature attainted up to 60°C.

The temperature distribution profile depicted the solar dryer temperature increases from 299K to 315K. Also, software simulates the moisture distribution profile.

ANSYS Fluent Direct passive mode (14.0 software) solar dryer (Direct multi-shelf solar dryer), No load

Direct passive mode solar dryer (Solar conduction dryer), No load

Comsol

Passive mixed mode Multiphysics solar dryer, Potato (13 mm dia. and ( 5.3. software) 50 mm length)

Sandali et al. [152] Software simulation results depicted temperature distribution profile in the dryer where air temperature increased by 4°C.

Temperature distribution profile studied at 0, 1.5,2.5,3.5 m/s velocity in the simulation.

Greenhouse solar dryer, Commercial software COMSOL Olive mill waste water Multiphysics drying (OMWW

The temperature profile, velocity distribution profile and vapor mass fraction distributions studied in the simulation. The average OMWW and at interface of air-OMWW recorded 320.5K and 323.7K, respectively.

Indirect solar dryer with evacuated tube solar collector and PCM, Apple slices

Hexa (fluid) and tetra (solid) (Tube: 114584, PCM: 492754, Fluid: 1548796)

Iranmanesh et al. The temperature distribution profile velocity distribution Profile [155] studied by using simulation. At 0.025 kg/s mass flowrate inlet and cabinet wall temperature during charging (02:00PM) 69.2 °C and

Conclusion

The present work recapitulates the literature that provides a comprehensive review of multiple geometries and different modes of solar dryers and their corresponding performance parameters. Also, different types of solar dryers used for desiccating various agricultural produce such as vegetables, grains, fruits, spices and meat are presented in detail. The literature highlights are, • The efficiency of the cabinet, solar collector and overall solar dryer system ranges 10% - 30%, 11% - 74%, and 13% - 40%, respectively, with the most attained efficiencies during experimentation found approximately 25%, 55%, and 25%, respectively. • The findings of the experiment showed that the temperature inside the solar drying chamber varied between 28°C and 86°C when drying different agricultural products. The most efficient drying occurred when the air temperature was between 50°C and 65°C. • In solar dryers, the speed of the air varied between 0.5 m/s and 2 m/s, while the rate of air flow varied between 0.003 kg/s and 0.09 kg/s to achieve an optimal drying rate. Enhanced moisture removal rates were observed for 0.06 kg/s and 0.07 kg/s air flow rates. • As compared to solar drying, an open sun drying of grapes requires a longer duration to achieve grape desiccation. In the solar dryer treated grapes took 3-12 days while untreated grapes took 7-12 days to dry for the temperature range of 30°C to 70 °C. While open sun drying required 7 -17 days for treated grapes and 20-31 days for untreated grapes. Moreover, when drying grapes, the majority of experimental setups maintained an air velocity between 0.4 m/s and 1.5 m/s, along with a flow rate ranging from 1.5 m3/min to 30 m3/min. • Furthermore, the research has investigated the mathematical models employed in forecasting the drying

rate of solar dryers, emphasizing the utilization of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) software to simulate the situation present in the solar dryer’s collector and storage cabinet to validate the experimental findings. Based on the insights gathered from this literature review, it is envisaged that there is enough scope to explore new geometries, intermittent and effective air circulation throughout the drying chamber, lenses incorporating in glass of solar collector to concentrate the energy, desiccants to reduce air humidity, and innovative techniques for solar dryers.

Data Availability Statement

The authors confirm that the data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article. Raw data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Conflict Of Interest

The authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethics

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

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