The micro-scale modeling by experimental study in PEM fuel cell

Abstract

Keywords: PEM Fuel Cell; Water Production; Hydrogen Gas; Performance; Energy Efficiency

Introduction

The subject of this study is about enhancing PEM fuel cell by optimizing experiment parameters. Nowadays, the demand of alternative energy resources begins to increase due to the depletion of fossil fuels whereas the demand of PEM fuel cell, which increase by this way, is the one of the alternative energy resources. In this study, the performance of one of the innovative and alternative energy sources of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM) was researched for the micro-scale of fuel cell. The time-dependent voltage (volt) and current parameters for the performance analysis of 7 W power-operated Pt (platinum) catalyzed fuel cell in PEM fuel cells that have been investigated in this work. PEM fuel cell performance is experimentally measured by anode plate fuel cell. Because of these measurements, the effects of air and hydrogen feeding effects and performancebased optimizations were determined by experimental of single fuel cell. Effects of voltage and current performance are also identified by optimization of changing these parameters. Problem of PEM fuel cell is about durability and water management. Therefore, calculation of water production effects on energy efficiency of PEM fuel cell. This study indicated hydrogen gas and energy efficiency the micro-scale modeling by experimental study in PEM fuel cell. Similar studies have been investigated because of literature review. Thus, this study has been done according to these literature studies, which are experimental works. One of the biggest problems of PEM the fuel cell is durability. PEM fuel cell can be used aircraft, automotive, aerospace vehicles and similar vehicles. These are likely to be crucial alternative energy sources for hydrogen fuel power, recycling energy systems and portable electronic devices [1, 2]. In these similar studies were conducted with PEM fuel cells. It can be seen that water management is a significant issue. PEM fuel cell performance needs to be adjusted water management in efficient way [3]. The inlet and outlet of the water carried in the PEM fuel cell. Performance of fuel cell was researched by theoretical and experimental [4]. Performance of fuel cell was seen separately from gas diffusion plates generally. Thus, it can be enhanced recovery and transport at lower flow rates [5].Fuel cell membrane (water) content and properties, parameter effects and ionic conductivity have been investigated in other study [6]. Entering hydrogen and oxygen gases to the fuel cell must be humid to increase the performance, so do chemical reaction [1]. Water management can be improved in anode working conditions [7]. Fuel cell performance that is improved by introducing more oxygen into the anodes according to the boundary operating conditions at the cathode with increasing inlet velocity and outlet pressure [8]. In this experimental study, the air stoichiometric ratio and performance effects of air-relative humidity of PEM fuel cells were investigated depending on the literature [2]. Water balance of fuel cell in cathode section was researched by another study. When using high-resolution neutron This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editors of Editor-in-Chief Ozgen Acikgoz 1 Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technology, Aksaray University, Aksaray, TURKEY *E-mail address: tolgataner@aksaray.edu.tr Manuscript Received 29 May 2017, Accepted 30 July 2017

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017 radiography in the direction of the plane with the anode, pressure and relative humidity gradients were shown in the fuel cell membrane electrode setup, where saturation profiles change in the diffusion medium [9]. The advantages and disadvantages of the fuel cell are also mentioned in this experimental work. In addition to the advantages of the PEM fuel cell, it also has disadvantages. PEM fuel cell has been found to be advantageous to operate at the electrode reaction kinetics, heat and water management, alternative catalysis, high power density and low operating temperature [10-17]. However, high sensitivity, membrane (membrane) and materials have been found to be very expensive in the PEM fuel cell. Many disadvantages can be seen such as gasification of fuel cell membrane durability materials, gas diffusion layer, disruption and manufacturing process difficulties [10-11; 1821]. The electric energy efficiency of PEM fuel cell was found about 40% in a previous study [22]. In the PEM fuel cell, it is possible to quickly remove the water by controlling it with the heat and efficiency of a high performance. When the proton H+ is conveyed from anode to cathode correctly, the amount of evaporation is greater than the amount of water. This waste of water can increase efficiency of fuel cell. Apart from that, the PEM fuel cell has a durability problem due to high temperature [17, 23]. This durability problem is the most critical feature of the PEM fuel cell. This problem can only be solved by water management. In this way, the problem of fuel cell durability can be eliminated. If this problem is resolved, the PEM fuel cell becomes an alternative energy source that provides significant energy [17, 24]. If low-humidity conditions are met in the fuel cell, performance and efficiency rates will become effective [17, 25]. The reaction took place using the platinum and catalyst fuel cycle [17, 26]. If the platinum value can be got high value, the performance can be decreased by this state [17, 27]. On the contrary, fuel cell is one of the biggest advantages of high performance efficiencies and no emission value [17, 28]. Parameters are temperature, current, and voltage that were about effects of PEM fuel cell performance [29-30]. Neutralized water transport method and flow were shown for PEM fuel cell cycle in another study [31]. The micro and macro scale transport processes were investigated to enhance PEM fuel cell performance [32]. Giurgea et al. [33] demonstrated flooding conditions, which were accomplished by rising the hygrometry of the inlet airflow at constant temperature of the fuel cell stack, or by reducing the temperature of the fuel cell stack at constant hygrometry of inlet airflow. Rezaee and Houshmand [34] posed an energy and exergy analysis of a combined power generation system consists of a PEM fuel cell power station. Gimba et al. [35] enhanced to research the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, anode and cathode pressures, reactants flow rates, membrane thickness, and humidity on the performance of the PEM fuel cell. Haghighi and Sharifhassan [36] studied about the exergy of a high temperature PEM fuel cell that was optimized for exergy efficiency and thermodynamic irreversibility. Similar studies researched about durability, water management and material properties. Many previous studies applied theoretical and experimental studies in PEM fuel cell performance analysis. In this study, it has been found that water management needs to be applied well in order for the fuel cell to perform well. Electrolysis has attracted great interest as a hydrogen production method in PEM fuel cells. This study was focused on the mass flow that is in a certain range and under pressure atmospheric conditions. Therefore, a micro-scale of PEM fuel cell energy efficiency can increase remarkably. These parameters affect water waste and durability of PEM fuel cell. Thus, it is difficult to obtain energy from the PEM fuel cell. This study was aimed to investigate the performance of the PEM fuel cell experimentally, to optimize the mass airflow and the pressure, to enhance the current and voltage quantities and to provide well water management. When air mass flow rate and pressure changed, PEM fuel cell efficiency was optimized in this study. Due to these reasons, importance of this study is to improve the performance of PEM fuel cells and to enhance PEM fuel cell for future similar studies.

MATERIAL and METHOD

In this experimental study, using technical characteristics of the PEM fuel cell are given below; • Micro-scale Anodic Plate Clear Pack single-cell fuel cell specifications: weight 520 g, dimensions 110 x 90 x 70 mm, electrical feature 2 gold –plated M4 brass screws, gas instant fittings 4 mm anode and 6 mm cathode, • MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) specifications: Nafion 25 µm thick, active area of 50 x 50 mm and anode platinum loading is 0.3 mg/cm2, • 0-2.5 bar hydrogen pressure regulator specifications: weight 180 g, dimensions 65 x 80 x 80 mm, accuracy is +/0.1 bar, • Temperature of maximum internal is 70ºC,

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017 • Regulated air supply system (Air supply for providing an air mass) specifications: weight 600 g, dimensions 170 x 60 x 125 mm, power supply is 24 V DC, range of use is 0 to 2 l/min, • Electronic load (Power supply) specifications: weight 920 g, dimensions 118 x 123 x 130 mm, voltage control from 0.05 V to 5 V, power is from 0 W to 20 W during 30 minutes, sample rate is 10 Hz, power supply is 24 V DC, • Software is Labview for Pragma Industries’ electronic load, • Air discharge manual valve, • Voltage-current-temperature control and tuning software for requiring operation, • A 10 l metal hydride tank (35 x 130 mm dimensions and 470 g weight) with 99.9% pure hydrogen gas supplier was prepared. In the experimental study, the 10 l tube with hydrogen gas was prepared for testing by connecting to the pressure regulator and to the anodic plate fuel cell with the air feed pump and special polyurethane flexible pipes. The hydrogen gas metal tank valve was opened and the power supply operated. The fuel cell software was switched on and adjusted from the pressure regulator for the required differential pressures. The manual valve was opened for 5 to 10 seconds to remove the air remaining in the fuel cell for the anode section. In order to receive the data, data logging was opened and the electronic load was set at constant voltage. Afterwards the air flow was provided by the air supply pump with different air flow. The MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) was run for 15 minutes to allow the system to reach the equilibrium depending on the input moisture condition. The preparation of the test pressure and the airflow at different values were carried out following the following sequence: 1. Filling a pure hydrogen gas tank with a pressure of 400 bar at a pressure of 50 liter with the help of a hydrogen regulator in a 10 l metal tank, 2. Connection of 10 l metal tank with pure hydrogen gas via the pressure regulator in the fuel cell system,

Experimental Studies And Methods

PEM Fuel Cell Operation The 10 l hydrogen hydride tank was connected to the fuel cell system via a polyurethane pipe to the pressure regulator. Afterwards, 7 W power supply and air provider pump was turned on. The manual valve was opened for 5 to 10 seconds to release the remaining air in the fuel cell and the remaining air was discharged. While the software was opened, data logging data was obtained at 15 minutes after the currents and voltages were obtained.

Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the PEM fuel cell in the experimental study

Usage area Power supply Air & waste water Hydrogen gas Power supply USB connection

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017 The PEM fuel cell test set-up is detailed schematic drawing in Fig. 1. As a result of the literature study and preliminary tests, it is possible to operate the power supply for 15 minutes by adjusting the voltage of 1 Nm fuel cell torque meter, 0.5 - 1 bar pressure, 0.6 - 1 V with 0.2 - 0.4 l/min air mass flow rate in 15 minute. Investigation of Range in Voltage and Current Dependent Time During the PEM fuel cell experimental study, the fuel cell was tightened with a 1 Nm torque meter adjuster. Firstly, the current and the changes in the tension are observed in Fig. 2 by adjusting the 0.6 V voltage with 0.5 bar pressure, 0.2 l/min air mass flow supply. Then parameters were changed and optimized as 1 V voltage with 1 bar pressure and 0.4 l/min air mass flow supply. Findings related to these values were discussed. In each second, voltage and current changes were obtained for 15 minutes. These experiments were repeated four times in order to get effective results.

Figure 2. Software screen display of voltage, current and temperature graphs after 15 minutes of experiment [37] Calculation of PEM Fuel Cell Gas Consumption and Water Amount In the PEM fuel cell experimental work, the calculation of gas consumption and waste water volumes are crucial for fuel cell efficiency. The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gas are as follows [17, 35-40]: 1

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017 Anode: H2 → 2H+ + 2e−

The mass balance in the PEM fuel cell is as follows:  min =  mout

The formula that gives the relationship between the amount of gas used in the fuel cell and the current (electric charge) is as follows [35, 39, 41]: I [A] = 2 F [C/mol] x nH2 [mol]

In the experimental work, the current I notion is represented by the symbol [A], the Faraday constant F is 96485 [C / mol], and n is the molar ratio of hydrogen gas. Since the experiment is carried out under the parameters of 2 types of voltage and current for 15 minutes, when the time is considered, the formula is as follows [35, 36, 41]: I [A/s] = 2 F [C/mol] x nH2 [mol/s]

If molarity nH2 [mol/s] is rearranged to find the consumption of hydrogen gas: nH2 [

Similarly, the formula giving the amount of molarity oxygen gas nO2 [mol/s] is given below: nO2 [

Water molarity production amount nH2 O [mol/s] can be calculated as follows: mol

Inlet of O2 and H2 mass flow amount can be calculated respectively as follows [36, 41]: kg

Oxygen stoichiometry rate can be defined as st symbol. Electric power is Wnet [W] and Vcell [V] is voltage W

of the experiment. [ net ] can be equal to Icell. An effective energy content of hydrogen fuel’s specific enthalpy is Vcell

assumed 1.43x10 [J/kg]. Lost hydrogen gas (mH2,lost [kg]) amount can be calculated during purge. If its purge 8

amount is 30 for 0.5 s at around 200 ml/s, lost hydrogen gas becomes 3 liter that is equal to 27x10 -5 kg.

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017

Total consuming hydrogen weight (mH2,total [kg]) can be found by collecting hydrogen gas mass flow (mH2 [kg]) with Lost hydrogen gas (mH2,lost [kg]) amount. Air stoichiometry rate λair is 14,7. Usage of air mass flow amount can be calculated as follows: kg

Thus, amount of exit air mass flow can be calculated difference between inlet of O2 and usage of air mass flow amount as follows [36, 41]: kg

In addition, cell efficiency can be determined as follows: V

Production of heat QH [W] that is generated from PEM fuel cell can be calculated in regard to electric power as follows [41]: 1.25 Q̇ H = Wnet ( -1)

Generation of energy can be calculated via 900 seconds as follows: E [J] = Wnet [W] x t [s]

Amount of energy account for hydrogen gas can be calculated as follows: J

Energy efficiency of PEM fuel cell can be found from Eq. 17 and 18 as follows: ηen =

Hydrogen gas stoichiometry rate (λH2 ) can be can be calculated as follows: λH2 =

In addition, Energy efficiency of PEM fuel cell can be calculated as follows: ηen =

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017

Results And Discussion

Experimental studies were completed as 0.6 Volt with 0.5 bar pressure, 0.2 l/min air mass flow and 1.0 Volt with 1.0 bar pressure, 0.4 l/min air mass flow for 15 minutes. Then, these results were compared each other by PEM fuel cell gas consumption, production of water and energy efficiency. In addition, finding these results were drawn via voltage and current relations. Drawing of Voltage and Current Graphs In Fig. 3, operating the flow rate of the PEM fuel cell for 15 minutes was set at 0.6 Volt with 0.5 bar pressure, 0.2 l/min air mass flow for a time dependent. It has been found that the current changed logarithmic between 0.047 A and 0.029 A, and the voltage range from 0.5867 V to 0.5888 V. 0.5890 0.048 0.5880

(a) (b) Figure 3. 0.5 bar pressure, 0.2 l/min air flow mass and 0.6 V voltage logarithmic changes of current and voltage with time According to the same experimental study, 1.0 bar pressure, 0.4 l/min air flow feed, 1.0 V voltage was set and the flow in the PEM fuel cell operating for 15 minutes reached the values depending on the time. The current was found logarithmic to vary from 0.0556 A to 0.068 A, and from 0.755 V to 0.785 V in Fig. 4.

(a) (b) Figure 4. 1.0 bar pressure, 0.4 l/min air flow mass and 1.0 V voltage logarithmic changes of current and voltage with time

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017 In Table 1, the maximum and minimum changes in the fuel cell voltage and current parameters of the experimental data were given as follows: Operating PEM fuel cell for 15 minutes at 1.0 bar pressure, 1.0 l/min with 0.4 l/min air flow feed, according to experimental actual measurements; It was found that the voltage value dropped from 0.852 [V] to 0.810 [V] and the current value increased to 2.75 [A] from 2.87 [A] (set point approximately 1.9). PEM fuel cell operating for 15 minutes with a 0.5 bar pressure, 0.2 l/min airflow feed and 0.6 V voltage adjustment, according to experimental actual measurements; It was found that the voltage value increased from 0.588 [V] to 0.590 [V] and the current value decreased from 2.28 [A] from 2.23 [A] (set point approximately 1.9). Table 1. PEM fuel cell parameters of the experimental work Experimental parameter variations

Conclusion

In conclusion, energy efficiency was found 52% for the microscale of PEM fuel cell in this study. This result was figured out for 1.0 bar pressure, 0.4 l/min air mass flow rate 1.0 V voltage. According to the results, when pressure, air mass flow rate and voltage were increased slowly, energy efficiency could rise up in effectively. In the future, similar experimental studies can be researched for optimization of the pressure, air mass flow rate and voltage for energy efficiency. The results of this experimental study emphasized the durability of water management in terms of PEM fuel cell. Provided that production water quantity is plummeted by optimisation, PEM fuel cell lifetime can go up by the cell durability feature as well as energy efficiency. Altering pressure, flow rate, voltage can adjust PEM fuel cell performance for the micro-scale of PEM fuel cell. This study posed the performance of PEM Fuel Cell that can be increased by these parameters. If air supply can control in PEM Fuel cell, waste water will be managed easily in the system. This experimental work will encourage other similar studies to improve the small scale of PEM fuel cell types. In addition, it was observed that hydrogen gas energy efficiency results were very consistent when compared to previous studies. This study indicated that the temperature of the power supply declined as the voltage was increased. As a scientific contribution, it is determined that the fuel cell energy efficiency increases while the mass flow is in a certain range and under pressure atmospheric conditions.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank the Aksaray University Scientific Research Projects Agency for supporting this project under the 2016-030 project.

Nomenclature

Symbols and Units ṁ airexit Amount of exit air mass flow, kg/s ṁ airu Usage of air mass flow amount, kg/s ṁ H2 Inlet of hydrogen gas mass flow amount, kg/s ṁ H2 O Water mass flow amount, kg/s ṁ O2 Inlet of oxygen gas mass flow amount, kg/s EH2 Amount of energy account for hydrogen gas, J mH2,lost Lost hydrogen gas amount, kg mH2,total

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 3, No. 6, Special Issue 6, pp. 1515-1526, December, 2017 n O2 ηcell

Energy efficiency, % Amount of energy, J Faraday constant, C/mol Current, A Inlet mass, kg Outlet mass, kg Hydrogen gas molarity, mol/s Production of heat, W Tension of fuel cell, V Electric power, W Air stoichiometry rate Hydrogen gas stoichiometry rate

Abbreviations

 Sum H2 Hydrogen gas O2 Oxygen gas A Ampere C Coulomb e− Electron H+ Proton hydrogen ion H 2O Dihydrogen monooxygen J Joule l liter min Minute mol molarity PEM Proton Exchange Membrane s Seconds t Time, s V Voltage W Watt

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