Heat transfer performance of nanofluids in heat exchanger a review

Abstract

Keywords: Nanofluid; Thermo-Physical Properties; Performance of Heat Transfer; Heat Exchangers; Heat Transfer Coefficient; Heat Transfer Rate

Introduction

Energy is a crucial aspect of any country’s economic development. The most pressing task for thermal engineers today is to intensification the thermal efficiency of heat transport systems. System optimization is a popular approach in this direction, with an emphasis on miniaturization, size reduction, and, as a result, cost reduction.

Improving heat transfer performance leads to saving energy via other heat transfer devices like heat exchangers, evaporators, condensers, and sinks. A heat exchanger is commonly used in air conditioning, space heating, cooling, power stations, plants of chemicals, plants of petrochemical, natural gas extraction, and wastewater treatment, and

*Corresponding author. *E-mail address: rohinee39@gmail.com This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Regional Editor Mustafa Kilic Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

many other heat applications [1]. The fundamental problem is the efficient heating and cooling within the heat exchangers of storage fluids. A radiator heat exchanger system is used in automobiles to extract heat from the engine’s cooling system. The mechanism used for the process is conduction and convection. Nanoparticles are added to normal engine coolant; they could boost the automotive cooling efficiency of the engine. This is because when we use nanofluids the energy system becomes more thermally efficient. The thermal efficiency of the energy system is due to the large nanoparticles surface area per unit volume that allows more heat transfer between solid particles and base fluids. In recent years, a number of researchers have proposed techniques for increasing heat transfer through nanofluids, including the interface effect, Brownian motion, ballistic transport of energy carriers, and thermophoresis. [2]. By using nanofluids, this increase in the rate of heat removal can reduce the size of the heat exchanger and due to this lower fuel consumption and cost savings. Technological advances in the automotive industry concentrate on improving the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines. Fuel efficiency is improved by maintaining the engine temperature at an optimal value that involves extraction of engine heat by circulating common fluids around the engine, such as water, ethylene glycol, water, and so on [3]. Due to their low thermal conductivity, the possibility to progress the performance of traditional fluids as coolants is limited. Because nanoparticles have a higher thermal conductivity than normal fluids, the thermal conductivity of these fluids can be improved by introducing them [4]. Many factors are accountable for the augmentation of thermal conductivity viz. volume fraction of particle, size, shape, and material of particle, base fluid, temperature, the nanoparticle’s Brownian motion, and nanoparticles aggregation [5]. Stability is the main problem in nanofluids because of the increase in nanoparticle volume concentration, which results in rapid sedimentation that could reduce the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Therefore, the stability of nanofluids is of considerable importance to preserve their thermo-physical properties after manufacturing for a lengthy period. Ettefaghi et al. [6] studied the thermal properties by adding MWCNTs with a different concentration in engine oil. It has been investigated that, higher stability is achieved with lower concentration. Wadd et al. [7] metal (copper) and nonmetal (TiO2) nanofluids were compared in terms of performance. The surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) ensured the stability of nanofluids. Meanwhile the thermal conductivity of copper nanoparticles is far advanced than that of TiO2 nanoparticles, copper-based nanofluids had stronger thermal conductivity than TiO2/ water nanofluids. Since nonmetal nanoparticles have a lower density, they are more stable than metal nanoparticles. Asadi et al. [8] theoretically investigated (Al2O3MWCNT) / (thermal oil hybrid) nanofluids as a new class

of cooling liquid for heat transfer and energy management applications in the automotive industry and a heating fluid for strong concentration (from 0.125 to 1.5 percent) and temperature (from 25oC to 50oC) thermoelectric modules on the hot side. The stability of the produced nano-oil was investigated using Zeta’s potential analysis. Except for solid concentrations of 1 and 1.5 percent in internal turbulent flow regimes, they discovered that using this nanofluid instead of the base fluid could be useful in all of the strong levels and temperatures investigated for turbulent and laminar flow regimes. Esfahani et al. [9] when the temperature was elevated from 60 to 65 degrees Celsius, the action of surfactant was diminished, resulting in a decrease in dispersed nanoparticle stability. Surfactants have various disadvantages, including contamination of heat transfer medium, high-temperature foam production, and higher thermal resistance. Selvam et al. [10] prepared by a noncovalent technique using experimentally measured thermal characteristics such as thermal conductivity and particular GnP / H2O–EG nanofluid heat efficiency. The zeta potential analysis and UV-Vis absorption spectrum have been conducted to confirm the long-term stability of the prepared nanofluid dispersions. The efficacy of using such suspensions with sizes of millimeters (or micrometers) has been investigated earlier and major disadvantages observed [11]. These limitations include particle sedimentation, channel well blockage, and increased pressure loss, all of which make them unsuitable for practical use. We can overcome such drawbacks by reducing the size of the particle to nanoscale [12]. Stabilizing the suspension of the nanoparticles is essential to get the desired properties of the nanofluids. Choi (1995), Nanoparticles formed and increased thermal conductivity with nanoparticles dispersed in conventional heat transfer fluids were reported [13]. The present paper summarizes the latest research in nanofluids studies to review the heat transfer performance and thermal conductivity in the heat exchanger application of nanofluids, and studies other challenging issues such as stability and optimum concentration. Nanofluids Continuous nanotechnology work contributes to the evolution of new fluids for increasing heat transfer rate and this kind of fluid is known as nanofluids. Figures 1 and 2 show different base fluids and nanoparticles. Prepared the nanofluids by dispersing nanometer-sized particles i.e.1100nm in conventional fluids and having greater thermal conductivity than the traditional fluids [4]. Nanotechnology plays a major role in heat transfer optimization [14]. The thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids plays a significant role in the development of energyefficient heat transfer equipment. Inherently weak heat transfer fluids, however, traditional heat transfer fluids such as ethylene glycol, water, and oil. Because of the increasing global competition, there is a significant requisite for

progressive fluids for heat transfer resulting in significant growth in greater thermal conductivity than currently available [15]. However, conventional fluids like ethylene glycol, water, etc., the application of conventional fluids as coolants are limited by their lower thermal conductivity. Figure 3 shows the thermal conductivity of different heat transfer materials. When incorporating nanoparticles, these particles can increase the thermal conductivity of these fluids have greater thermal conductivity than conventional fluids [16-17]. Advantage of Nanofluids • Nanoparticle have a larger surface area due to which heat transfer rate increases. • The heat transfer rate is expanded because of the more prominent thermal Conductivity of nanoparticles. • Due to the smaller size of particles, reduction in pressure drop. • It reduces the size of the heat exchanger. Nanofluids Preparation Process Two processes listed below that are commonly used for the nanofluids preparation, which is shown in Figure 4. Two-step preparation Many physical and chemical techniques, such as chemical vapour deposition, pulse laser deposition, physical vapour deposition, sputtering, and ion implantation have been used to create nanoparticles in this form. Ultrasonic

Figure 3. Thermal conductivity of different heat transfer materials. agitation, high-shear mixing, intensive magnetic force agitation, homogenizing, sol-gel vapour phase, or ball milling are then used to discretize the nanosized powder in the base fluid [18]. Nanoparticles have an affinity to accumulate in the second phase due to their high surface area and surface activity. As a result, the nanofluid’s stability is harmed by this accumulation property. Single-step preparation To get a steadier nanofluid single-step planning measure is liked, as the name shows it is amalgamated in just

one stage. This one-step method consists of making and dispersing nanoparticles in the base fluid at the same time [19-20]. A more stable nanofluid is prepared in single-step preparation, but it has limitations on high process costs, small-scale output, and residual reagents in the base fluid. Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids It is fundamental to consider the thermophysical properties of nanofluids when using them in practical applications. To predict the thermo-physical properties of nanofluids, there is a range of basic formulas, and researchers investigate these. This research has both theoretically

Figure 4. Nanofluids preparation methods (modified from [20]).

and experimentally studied the heat transfer activity of nanofluids [21]. Table 1 shows the thermo-physical properties of different nanomaterials. The convective heat transfer coefficient, which is a function of a variety of thermo-physical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density, expresses the heat transfer efficiency using nanofluids. Impact on Thermal Conductivity by Volume Fraction and Particle Size The influence of particle volume fraction on nanofluids thermal conductivity has received a lot of attention in the literature. Among the different nanoparticles and concentration forms used, metal oxides with particle volume concentration up to 4% are the most common, apparently due to their less price. The results and conclusions reported differing considerably. Ding et al. [22] analyzed the efficiency of a carbon nanotubes-containing nanofluid and stated that the coefficient of heat transfer could be 3.5 times higher than the standard fluids concerned. Lee et al. [23] & Wang et al. [24] studied the effect of volume fraction of particles with 24 and 23nm CuO particles in a water (base fluid), and it was observed that at 10% volume fraction, the intensification in thermal conductivity grows linearly with higher particle volume fraction. The ratio of thermal conductivity increased by 34%. Masuda et al. [25] recorded thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid for volume concentration of 4.3% of alumina, silica, and other oxides in water. The Thermal conductivity of nanofluids increased by 30%.

Table 1. Thermophysical properties of different nanomaterials and base fluids Material

Xian et al. [26] studied an improvement in thermal conductivity for the same oxides considered by Masuda [25], not only in ethylene glycol but also in water. They stated that as the size of the particles decreases, the thermal conductivity improvement increases and is almost proportional to the volume fraction of the particles. When alumina particles for volume concentration of only 3 percent were used, there was a maximum increase of thermal conductivity of 12%. A significant finding from Xian et al. [26] is that there is a linear reliance of thermal conductivity on volume fraction. For alumina and copper oxide in water, Das et al. [27] noted the same linear pattern as [26]. However, the conductivity improvement pattern varies more like the temperature’s square root as the particle volume fraction has increased. To estimate the thermal conductivity of Al2O3 nanofluids, Xie et al. [28] used the transient hot-wire process and observed a significant increase in various volume fractions. Hwang et al. [29] investigated Al2O3 nanofluids and found a 4% increase in thermal conductivity at 1% volume concentration. Lee et al. [30] aqueous nanofluids prepared with a low volume concentration of nanoparticles Al2O3 and observed a 2% escalation in thermal conductivity for 35 nm-sized Al2O3 particles at a lower volume percentage. Li et al. [31] have studied the impact of volume fraction and temperature variations on thermal conductivity by applying 2, 4, 6, and 10 percent volume fractions of copper-aluminum oxide nanoparticles to the distilled water at different temperatures. Table 2 shows the summary of the influence of particle size, and volume fraction on thermal conductivity. The results suggested that the thermal conductivity of these suspensions was substantially influenced by the nanoparticle material, size, volume fraction, and bulk temperature. Thermal Conductivity Thermal conductivity is a very significant thermophysical property that decides the characteristics of the heat transfer of nanofluids. High thermal conversion leads to the efficiency of thermal equipment. Measurement of Thermal Conductivity There are different methods to measure the thermal conductivity of nanofluids experimentally and theoretically. Experimental methods are 3ω method, thermal constant analyzer, steady-state parallel plate method, and the transient hot wire method. During the transient hot-wire phase, a heat sensor is applied to the needle, and the temperature response on the adjacent needle is detected both during and after the heat pulse application. The response to temperature will depend on the material’s thermal properties. Remarkable researchers [72-87] used thermal property analyzer KD2- pro which works on the main transient hot-wire method. The thermal constant analyzer operates on the transient plane source system theory [88]. The hot disc sensor raises the temperature in this operation, while

the resistive thermometer keeps time. The steady-state parallel technique includes glueing the test sample between two parallel circular copper plates. The test sample inserted in the plates receives one-dimensional heat. Conduction equation is used to measure thermal conductivity. 3-omega method is very similar to the THW method. It also uses the same material as the heater and thermometer. However, the key difference is that the TWH approach uses time dependence response while 4using electrical current frequency (ω) dependence response. According to the findings, the transient hotwire method is the most commonly used method for measuring thermal conductivity. Table 3 shows that the thermal conductivity of base fluid by using nanoparticles and was mostly measured by the transient hot-wire method. This measurement approach has gained popularity because the thermal conductivity of the liquid may be calculated instantly with a high degree of precision and repeatability. A few recommendations can be pointed out from the literature review. Many researchers used the transient hot-wire method for measuring the thermal conductivity of nanofluids have been reported. Some of the latest work here has been reviewed [101-108] used a KD2 Pro thermal analyzer device using the transient hot-wire method to characterize the nanofluids thermal conductivity by measuring the temperature of the nanofluids during the cooling and heating phases. Maheshwary et al. [107] for measurement of thermal conductivity used a more precise hot wire method manufactured in-house Figure 5. The setup consists of a chemically inert cylindrical hollow tube of Teflon with special configuration of wire and thermocouple. A significant number of the proposed models of thermal conductivity. Table 4 shows the summary of the studies on the theoretical models for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Some of them take into account nanoparticle morphology, assuming that all particles are spherical and introducing a variety of (mostly empirical) constants. Heat Exchanger Heat exchangers are appliances that allow heat exchange at various temperatures in between a couple of fluids at the same time preventing mixing with each other. Usually, there is no external heat and work contact in heat exchangers. It differs from mixing chambers because it does not permit the mixing of the two involved fluids. In both cooling and heating methods, heat exchangers are used [18]. The heat exchanger is commonly used in air conditioning, space heating, cooling, power stations, plants of chemical, plants of petrochemical, natural gas extraction, and wastewater treatment, and many other heat applications [3]. The fundamental problem is the efficient heating and cooling within the heat exchangers of storage fluids. Figure 6 shows the Shell and Tube heat exchanger system. Many automobiles use a radiator heat exchanger system to extract heat from the engine’s cooling system.

Table 2. Summary of the effect of particle size and volume fraction on thermal conductivity Nanofluid type

Mwcnt

The maximum enhanced ratio of heat exchange 12.8%. Nano coolant with high MWCNT could not achieve maximum heat exchange ability.

Mwcnt

KNiO/water = 0.6640W/m K KCuO/water = 0.6621 W/m K Kwater = 0.5970W/m K

Optimum value of thermal Gupta et al. 2020 [190] efficiency, thermal resistance and wall temperatures has been obtained.

Conclusions

Based on prior literature numerous applications would have been more effective by using nanofluids. This paper reveals the heat transfer performance on the application of nanofluids in the heat exchanger. Several researchers carried out experimental and statistical investigations relevant to nanofluid’s heat transfer performance. From this analysis, we need to understand the basics of heat transfer because it is important to develop nanofluids for an extensive range of applications for heat transfer and we can conclude as follows: 1. The majority of the investigations have been performed on metallic oxides. In the case of metallic nanoparticles, heat transfer enhancement is much greater and enhancement is significant even at a very low volume fraction. Exhaustive research is needed on low volume fraction, nanofluids with metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. 2. Particle size had inversely related to thermal conductivity. Because of the increase in their collision rate, small size particles could move faster, achieving higher thermal conductivity.

3. The transient hot-wire method is more popular than

most other techniques for measuring the thermal conductivity because of its speed, and most researchers have used it. To measure the thermal conductivity, a KD2-pro thermal analyzer system was used, which works on the theory of the transient hot-wire process.

4. The majority of the results from the authors’ analysis

are positive, indicating that nanoparticles increase the cooling ability or heat transfer efficiency of traditional heat transfer fluid in various heat transfer applications. In cases where there was a degradation in heat transfer, few researchers reported that the factor where agglomeration occurs is an excessive amount of nanoparticles. Very few of these indicated the best amount of nanoparticles before degradation of performance or thermal properties. Therefore, the need of optimum concentration of nanofluids is required.

5. Consequently, to achieve the optimum concentration

repeated experimental work on similar nanoparticles and the same working parameters is required in the future. The best thermal efficiency for a device can be obtained by knowing the optimal amount of nanoparticles.

6. Nanofluid stability and price are major problems

with nanofluid integration into day-to-day applications. Therefore, more work is needed for synthesis of nanoparticles at a low cost. Results suggest that by using a larger size of particle some drawbacks include particle sedimentation, clogging, erosion, stability, and increasing pressure drop. Enhancing thermal conductivity with optimum volume concentration. Improving the efficiency of heat exchange systems is one of the possible ways to reduce energy consumption.Heat transfer efficiency of heat exchanger depends on temperature, flow rate, nanofluids Concentration, nanoparticle size, and shape.

Mwcnt

Deionized water Ethylene glycol Nanometer Water Temperature Diesel engine Shape factor Nusselt number Weight Heat transfer coefficient Volume Heat transfer rate Multi walled carbon nanotubes Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle Thermal conductivity of base fluid Thermal conductivity of nanofluid

Greek symbols Ø Volume concentration or volume fraction Cp Specific heat β Extinction or attenuation coefficient

Data Availability Statement

The authors confirm that the data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article. Raw data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Conflict Of Interest

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

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