Towards the use of natural thermal insulation on the exterior of vertical building walls in desert r

Abstract

Keywords: Desert Regions; Energy Consumption; Energy Efficiency; Natural Base; Residential Building; Thermal Insulation System

Introduction

In the context of constructions, natural convection [1] is an important process for air circulation inside a building, occurring when hot air rises and creates a low-pressure area near the ceiling, which leads to the suction of fresh air through building openings such as windows and doors. This natural air movement can help regulate the

temperature and air quality inside a building without relying on heating or air conditioning systems. It should be noted that natural convection can also be influenced by the topology of the building, the position of windows, orientation, solar exposure, and the type of thermal insulation. This requires a well-designed building to make the most of natural convection. As a result, it should be considered as part of a comprehensive design strategy that takes into

*Corresponding author. *E-mail address: banoudjafer.imane@univ-bechar.dz This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Editorin-Chief Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

account all aspects of ventilation and air conditioning to ensure good indoor air quality, reduced energy costs, and optimal building performance. Researchers are therefore attracted to studying natural convection in all possible aspects, and we find some applications in which the latter is, such as: solar collector, heat exchanger, cooling of electronic devices, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems [2-4]. In fact, the type of thermal insulation used on exterior walls can have a significant impact on air circulation inside a building (natural convection). However, poor thermal insulation can increase the heating load required to maintain a comfortable temperature inside the building. On the other hand, good thermal insulation of exterior walls can contribute to reducing drafts and improving natural convection in a building, as well as reducing energy costs and improving occupant comfort and overall energy efficiency of the building [5]. However, the use of energy in the building has continued to increase in recent years due to the rising demand of energy used for the heating and the air conditioning or still various human activities [6]. According to statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA), buildings are responsible for 32% of total final energy consumption and represent more than 40% of primary energy consumption in most IEA countries [7]. Based on different authors [8, 9 and 10], the improvement of the thermal behavior of buildings depends on the parameters of optimization of the thermal quality of envelope as: the external insulation of vertical or horizontal walls, glazing orientation, the shading system, the use of building materials with high thermal and increasing the thickness of external walls or insulation. The current construction practices in Algeria (collective habitats, individual, offices ... etc.), do not sufficiently consider the importance of thermal insulation of the building envelope to minimize excessive energy consumption required to maintain thermal comfort inside these buildings (poor thermal behavior), especially during the summer period that can last up to five months in the Saharan regions [11]. Therefore, improving the energy performance of residential buildings is crucial, given the rising cost of energy consumption. However, there is an increasing focus on promoting solutions and techniques for optimizing the building envelope, such as external thermal insulation (ETI) of vertical walls, to achieve significant energy savings [8]. ETI is an effective solution that can provide better thermal comfort regardless of the climatic conditions, while minimizing energy consumption, maintaining user comfort, and preserving habitable space. There are currently three main techniques for applying (ETI) to walls: under coating, under cladding, and under veneer or siding. Various solutions or variants have been proposed allow for making a relevant choice ensuring reliable hygrothermal behavior and reducing durability issues. However, a question arises: what are the effects of introducing natural materials in ETI on the thermal behavior and

energy consumption of local buildings? In order to answer this question, the main objective of this article is to study the improvement of thermal behavior and potential energy savings in local buildings by proposing ETI techniques for a vertical concrete block wall. To achieve this, we used different ETI techniques: a system with expanded polystyrene (EPS) under coating and six systems with natural materials under cladding, to achieve better energy and economic performance in the construction sector.”

Methodology

The method followed involved examining a residential building using several External Thermal Insulation (ETI) systems for the vertical walls based on natural materials such as wood wool, cellulose wadding, expanded cork, hemp fiber, sheep’s wool, and a single synthetic material: expanded polystyrene. Knowing that the numerical simulation was conducted using a dynamic thermal simulator called “TRNSYS.” This simulator comprises several programs: the TRNSYS Simulation Studio, the simulation engine (TRNDll.dll) and its executable (TRNExe.exe), the building input data visual interface (TRNBuild.exe), and the Editor used to create stand-alone redistributable programs known as TRNSED applications (TRNEdit.exe) [12]. The thermal behavior of the building under study was simulated using a transient modeling method called TYPE 56 with a time step of 1 hour. The building model in TYPE 56 is a non-geometric balance model that includes one air node per zone representing the thermal capacity of the zone’s air volume and other closely connected capacities, such as furniture. Therefore, in addition to the zone volume, the node capacity is also considered as a separate input. TRNBuild was used to enter the necessary information for simulating the building, including the description of the envelope (materials, layer thicknesses, and thermophysical parameters), windows, heating/cooling systems, ventilation, infiltration, gains and occupancy rate...etc. Knowing that the assumptions adopted for the numerical simulation are: • The initial temperature and humidity are set at 20°C and 50% respectively; • Internal generation is null (unoccupied building); • The effect of thermal bridges and shading is not considered; • The heating and cooling needs of the building are determined based on a set point temperature of 20°C for heating and 26°C for cooling. The determination of the ideal thermal conditions for the environment of the present study was carried out according to the ISO 7730 standard [13]. For this, we used a comfort temperature of 20°C to 25°C in winter and 23°C to 26°C in summer. Thus, the set point temperatures in our residential building were chosen as 20°C for heating and 26°C for cooling according to the ASHRAE society [14]. The heat balance at each node of the network is shown in Figure 1 [15].

Figure 1. Heat balance on the zone air node – TRNSYS It can be expressed as follows: . . . . . Qi = Qinf,i + Qvent,i + Qcplg,i + Qsurf,i (1) . Q. i is the global energy flow for node i, Qinf,i is the energy flow from air infiltration from outside to node i, given by: . . (2) Qinf,i = Vinf,i × r × cp × (Tout - Tin) . Where Vinf,i, ρ, Cp, Tout and Tin are the air flow entering zone i through the opening, density of air, specific heat

capacity of air, air temperature outside the zone and air temperature inside the zone respectively. . Q vent,i is the energy flux induced by the ventilation of the room or rooms comprising node i via HVAC systems, given by: . . (3) Qvent,i = Vvent,i × r × cp × (Tvent,i - Tin) . Where Vvent,i and Tvent,i are the airflow entering zone i through mechanical ventilation and temperature of the air entering zone i through mechanical ventilation respectively. . Q cplg,i corresponds to the energy flows due to the air transfers of zone i or the boundary condition, given by: . . (4) Qcplg,i = Vi × r × cp × (Tzone,i - Tin) . Where Vi and Tzone,i are the volume of comfort zone i and temperature of comfort zone i respectively. . Qsurf,i is the net energy flow from each surface delimiting node i towards. it. . . The terms Qinf,i Qvent,i Qcplg,i correspond to the energy losses by ventilation and infiltration, applied to the study area.

Figure 2. Architectural plans of the reference building. Author source (a): Plan view, (b): 3D view. Table 1. Thermo-physical characteristics of materials used in ETI systems for vertical walls Thermo-physical characteristics (conductivity, specific heat and density) Materials

Table 2. Description of building materials for the reference building envelope, (from interior to exterior) Envelope

Internal plaster coating [18] Hollow concrete block [18] Exterior cement coating [18] Plaster coating [18] Hollow brick [18] Plaster coating [18] Tiling [18] Cement mortar [18] Sand and gravel [18]

Heavy concrete [18] Cement mortar [18] Cement coating [18] Hollow slab block [18] Heavy concrete [18] Sand and gravel [18] Cement mortar [18] Tiling [18]

Exterior Thermal transmission coefficient U-value (W/m².k) carpentry Single glazed 5,8 wooden window Wooden entrance 1,8 door

. Finally, the term Qsurf,i regroups the heat transfers through the walls. The description of the reference building is presented in Figure 2. It is to be noted that the present built is located in the city of Bechar which is situated 1150 km southwest of the capital Algiers with an altitude of 773 m above sea level [16]. This building has a surface area of 80 m² and a volume of 240

m3. The description of its envelope and the thermo-physical characteristics of the building materials are given in Table 2. It is worth noting that the insulation materials used are listed in Table 1 and the various representations of the ETI systems are illustrated in Figures 3 to 10. In the context of this numerical study, it should be noted that we have taken into account the factors related to the

Figure 3. Reference wall (uninsulated). Author source Ep = 19 cm, U = 2.647 W/m². K.

Figure 4. Wall insulated with expanded polystyrene. Author source Ep = 30.50 cm, U = 0.398 W/m². K.

Figure 5. Wall insulated by wood wool. Author source Ep = 30,10 cm, U = 0,310 W/m². K.

Figure 6. Wall insulated by cellulose wadding. Author source Ep = 31,10 cm, U = 0,288 W/m². K.

Figure 7. Wall insulated with expanded cork. Author source Ep = 32,10 cm, U = 0,278 W/m². K.

Figure 8. Wall insulated by (cellulose wadding + wood wool). Author source Ep = 34,10 cm, U = 0,249 W/m². K.

Figure 9. Wall insulated by hemp fiber. Author source Ep = 34,10 cm, U = 0,231 W/m². K.

Figure 10. Wall insulated by sheep wool. Author source Ep = 35,10 cm, U = 0,194 W/m². K.

exposure of the materials used to risks of fire and insect reproduction, as shown by sheep’s wool of biological origin. Furthermore, this insulation (sheep’s wool) was applied as a semi-rigid board, rather than in bulk, which also reduces the risk of fire. On the other hand, for the natural insulations used (cellulose wadding and sheep wool) have been protected against several hazards, including fire, insects, and mold, by using borax salt, a simple mineral substance extracted from certain borax-rich rocks, also it acts as a natural fungicide and insecticide, thus protecting against mold and insects. Additionally, it has fire-retardant properties [22], making it an excellent choice for fire protection.

of the property studied will be calculated to determine the rate of dephasing recorded at a given temperature relative to the reference temperature. To accomplish this, we first present the evolution curves of the exterior and interior temperatures over time during the two respective winter and summer periods. These correspond to the coldest and hottest day of the year 2022 (January 7th and July 22nd), as shown in Figures 11(a) and 11(b). From these representations, we can clearly observe that there is a problem with comfort and a significant thermal loss. The curves of the variation of the indoor temperature as a function of time for the different scenarios followed, during the two daily periods, “winter” and “summer” (24 hours), are shown in Figures 12(a) and 12(b) respectively. From these figures, we mainly notice that the indoor temperature, for all types of tested scenarios, varies over time and according to the studied period. For the two tested periods, the indoor temperature for the different scenarios is clearly higher than that recorded at the reference temperature, with a maximum dephasing reaching values lower than 3.10°C. We observe that natural-based systems show better results for both studied periods (winter and summer). Therefore, the effect of natural-based systems is more effective than the synthetic-based system (expanded polystyrene) with a thermal lag of 0.19°C. In contrast, the evolution of the thermal resistance of different insulation according to their thickness is shown

Results And Discussion

This last section is devoted to presenting the results obtained by the various procedures described above. It is important to note that during the processing of numerical results, depending on the scenario studied and the type of material used (synthetic or natural), a comparison will frequently be made with the reference state, which includes all thermo-physical characteristics (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and density), at ambient temperature. This knowledge is essential for determining the variation of the property studied with respect to the measurement temperature. To achieve this, throughout all presentations of the results obtained, the relative ratio and percentage deviation

Figure 11. Evolution of the outdoor and indoor temperature as a function of time in the northern zone "living room". (a): Winter period, (b): Summer period.

Figure 12. Evolution of the indoor temperature as a function of time for the different scenarios of the northern zone "living room". (a): Winter period, (b): Summer period.

in Figure 13. We can observe essentially that the increase in thermal resistance is mainly correlated with an increase in thickness for each type of insulation.

According to various authors [23-25], the thicker the thermal insulation, the lower the heat transfer through it, and therefore the higher the thermal resistance because R

Figure13. Evolution of the thermal resistance of insulators according to their thickness. (a): Expanded polystyrene, (b): Wood wool, (c): Cellulose wadding (d): Expanded cork, (e): Hemp fiber, (f): Sheep wool.

= 1/U (m². k/W). On the other hand, the thermal conductivity does not depend on the thickness of the insulation, which rather affects its thermal resistance [25]. Based on Lakatos & al’s research., the thermal conductivity of expanded materials was found to be dependent on thickness [23]. They proved that the thermal conductivity does not depend on the thickness of the samples, Unlike the values of thermal resistance, which increase compared to the data calculated from the measurement. Another study conducted on sheep wool [26] indicated that thermal resistance increases with the increase in sample thickness from 40 to 80 mm at different average temperatures. In our study, we can conclude that the minimum resistance was recorded by wood wool R=1.90 m². k/W with a thickness of 8 cm, and the maximum thermal resistance was recorded for sheep wool R=3.43 m². k/W with a thickness of 12 cm, which clearly shows a dependent relationship between thermal resistance and thickness for this type of insulation.

In order to better analyze the results obtained, we have grouped together the variation in thermal conductivity as a function of density for the different categories of insulation tested and presented them in Figure 14. From these histograms, we can observe a proportional relationship between the thermal conductivity of the insulations studied and their densities. Specifically, we observed an inverse relationship for “expanded polystyrene” and a direct relationship for the following insulations: “sheep’s wool, hemp fiber, cellulose wadding, wood wool, and expanded cork.” The use of expanded polystyrene resulted in an increase in density and a lower thermal conductivity value. This phenomenon can be explained by the reduced volume of air within the material, which reduces heat transfer by convection and subsequently lowers the thermal conductivity values. Similar results have been reported by various authors [27,28], who have attributed this correlation to the structure of the insulating material and the testing methodology employed. However, for natural-based thermal

Figure 14. Evolution of the thermal conductivity of insulators as a function of their density.

Table 3. Annual heating and cooling requirements of the reference building and the Eco index for each improvement scenario Wall insulation systems (ETI) Under coating by:

Cellulose Expanded Cellulose Hemp wadding cork wadding + fiber Wood wool

Table 4. Cost of each insulation material and the ETI technique applied Technique

Figure 15. Annual energy requirements in kWh/m². Year and eco index for each improvement scenario.

insulation systems, higher density values correspond to higher thermal conductivity values. This trend has also been observed in several studies [29-33] that utilized natural fibers such as hemp, sheep’s wool, bamboo, rice straw, and jute fiber. It should be noted that this finding of proportionality between thermal conductivity and density for natural-based insulating materials can also be derived inversely. This was highlighted in the study conducted by Kosinski et al. [34], which focused on thermal insulation materials like hemp fibers. The study found an inverse proportionality between thermal conductivity and density. Specifically, the variation showed that there is an optimal density point at which thermal conductivity is minimized. The values of the annual heating and cooling requirements of the reference building in addition to the Eco Index for each improvement scenario are summarized in Table 3

and illustrated in Figure 15. It is to be noted that the Eco index represents the difference between the heating and cooling needs of the reference building and the scenario tested. Based on the achieved percentage of energy savings (for heating and cooling), it is necessary to conduct an economic comparison to confirm the economic viability of the presented insulation materials mentioned above. In this regard, we provide an economic comparison in Table 4 and Figure 16, considering the overall cost of each insulation material and the applied ETI technique. These results clearly demonstrate the positive impact of utilizing such insulation materials in enhancing the energy performance of the analyzed building, in order to better analyze the results obtained for the various thermal insulation materials tested.

Figure 16. Ultimate cost of insulation materials and the various ETI techniques used.

Conclusion

In this paper, we have proposed external thermal insulation techniques for vertical walls of local buildings in hot and arid areas. We present a system using under coating (wet process) with expanded polystyrene (EPS) and six systems under cladding (dry process) using insulating materials of natural origin, in order to improve the energy performance, comfort and possible energy savings in residential buildings in Bechar. To accomplish this, we conducted a numerical simulation using TRNSYS software which yielded the following syntheses: • The ETI techniques for vertical walls, presents a very important reduction in energy consumption (improved thermal behavior of envelope); • Natural based materials offer better thermal insulation efficiency than synthetic materials, provided that the thickness of the insulator is taken into account; • The most effective ETI technique among those proposed in terms of energy savings is the ETI system using sheep wool cladding, which reduces energy consumption by 42.81% with an average investment cost around 4866,33 DZD/m² from the economical view. The reasons why the system of insulation under cladding based on sheep’s wool outperforms all the other proposed systems, can be explained as follows: • The thickness and nature of the thermal insulator and the overall composition of the insulation system. In particular, a 12cm-thick panel of sheep wool was used, making it the thickest insulation material studied and improving the efficiency of the system • Sheep’s wool has good physical and thermal properties compared to the other insulation materials studied, particularly its thermal conductivity coefficient (λ = 0.035 W/m. k), which is the lowest among all the materials

proposed (expanded polystyrene, wood wool, cellulose wadding, expanded cork and hemp fiber). It should also be noted that the system of insulation under cladding is characterized by the presence of an additional insulating layer represented by air, which is a good insulator due to its low coefficient of thermal conductivity (λ = 0.025 W/m. k), contrary to the system under coating. In the case of the system under cladding based on sheep wool the thickness of the air layer was increased by 1 cm compared to other insulation systems under cladding, which allowed the system in its total composition to have a heat transmission coefficient lower than that of other systems (U = 0.194 W/m². k) and therefore, it was selected as the best system of thermal insulation and energy saving. However, the findings from the different systems studied paved the way for several future research directions: • Developing a thermal insulation system for the roof based on natural materials and studying its hygrothermal and energetic behavior; • Studying the coupling of external thermal insulation of the vertical walls and the roof with the aim of passing from a high energy performance building (from 91 to 151 kWh/m². Year) to an economical building (< 50 kWh/m². Year); • Comparing the thermo-physical properties of sheep wool with the properties of mineral wool and glass wool, which are widely used as natural thermal insulators of inorganic origin.

Trnsys

International Energy Agency Expended Polystyrene External Thermal Insulation Oriented Standard Boards Transient System Simulation program

Ashrae HVAC

DZD e R Cp D Tout Tin Tzone,i Tvent,i . Vinf,i . Vvent,i . Vi Ep U g Ieco

International Organization for Standardization American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems Algerian dinar thickness of material, mm thermal resistance, m². k/W specific heat capacity, J/kg. k density of the material, kg/m3 outdoor temperature, °C indoor temperature, °C temperature of comfort zone i, °C temperature of the air entering zone i through mechanical ventilation, °C air flow entering zone i through the opening, m³/s airflow entering zone i through mechanical ventilation, m³/s volume of comfort zone i, m³ total wall thickness, cm thermal transmission coefficient, W/m². k solar factor, % economic index, Wh/m². year

Greek symbols λ thermal conductivity, W/m. k r density of air, kg/m³

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