Harnessing and storing solar thermal energy using phase change material pcm in a small flat plate co

Abstract

Keywords: Phase Change Material; Latent Heat; Solar Energy

Introduction

Recently, many nations in the world have turned their attention towards the utilization of renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, biogas etc. Solar energy is a major renewable source of especially among countries with a tropical climate. These countries are utilizing non-imaging and imaging concentrators in order to harness this solar energy through radiation and convert it into thermal energy. The investigations into storing thermal energy effectively gained more attention beginning with the energy crisis (1973–1974) when many countries turned to utilizing non-conventional energy sources [1]. The results obtained from these investigations have been published in many research papers and academic books such as Schaetzle [1], Schmidt [2], Beckmann and Gill [3], Garg et al. [4] and Garg [5]. General principles and various technologies for solar energy storage were summarized by Garg et al. [4]. Traditionally, energy was stored in the form of sensible heat which requires large volume storage material. The storage volume can be significantly reduced if energy is stored in the form of latent heat, and thus can benefit plenty of applications [6]. The sensible and latent heat storage can be achieved employing the appropriate phase change materials (PCM) Murat Kenisarin et al. [7]. Using PCM for thermal energy storage provides a feasible solution to increase the efficiency of the storage and use of energy in many domestic and industrial sectors Atul Sharma et al. [8]. A great number of scientific publications and patents on latent heat storage for solar energy conservation stimulated the appearance of Lane’s monograph [9,10]. Dincer and Rosen [11] came up with another monograph to address the problems of thermal energy storage. Schroder J and Gawron K. [12] have described the following phase change material (PCM) properties as desirable for latent heat storage:

8. PCM should have a small volume variation during solidification

This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by the Regional Editor Tolga Taner 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Georgia, USA 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSM College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India *E-mail address: sgurupat@kennesaw.edu Orcid id: 0000-0003-3687-8328, 0000-0001-8407-774X, 0000-0001-8572-331X Manuscript Received 02 August 2018, Accepted 01 November 2018

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020

10. PCM should be of abundant supply and at a low cost

Liwu Fan et al. [13] have concluded that a PCM should possess high thermal conductivity for efficient heat transfer with congruent phase-change behavior to avoid irreversible separation of their constituents. During the development of PCM, many different groups of materials have been studied, including inorganic compounds (salt and salt hydrates) [14], organic compounds such as paraffin’s [15], fatty acids [16] and even polymeric materials such as Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the relationship between the fundamental structures. Francis Agyenim et al. [17] have reviewed the heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems. Kinga Pielichowska et al. [18] have carried out a work on the review of different phase change materials and their specifications. The selection of the PCM, Erythritol (MgCl26H2O) for the present work has been identified for applications ranging in temperature from 80ᵒC to 1400C. For high- temperature applications beyond 750 0C, Mgcl2 can be used Weihuan Zhao et al. [19] Several endeavors of research have investigated the application of PCM in domestic water heating [20, 21]. M.K. Anuar Sharif et al. [22] have reviewed the application of a PCM in domestic hot water systems in which the PCM is inserted at various positions in a solar flat plate collector below the tubes, covering half the perimeter of the tubes, while immersing the tubes in the PCM with and without reflectors. [23, 24 & 25] Abdul Jabbar N et al. [26] have compared the thermal performance of a DHW (Domestic Hot Water) system with a PCM and the same with a conventional DHW system. Due to the fact that India lies in the Torrid Zone, it is gifted with solar radiation for 270 days in a year. The annual average irradiation ranges from a low value of 4.4 KWh/m 2 to a high value of 6.6 KWh/m2. India has abundant solar irradiation, with an annual average intensity of 200 MW/Sq.km radiations occurring on a geographical area of 3.287 million km square area which accounts for 657.4 million MW a year. Hence, a solar thermal technology employing a PCM can store thermal energy in a remote place during the daytime and further transport it to the industries during the hours when the sun does not shine (night time). Industries that do have sufficient space to install the solar thermal systems, do not find any hurdles in practicing them except for thermal energy storage, which is still under research. On the other hand, most of the industries either in a metropolitan city or elsewhere do not have sufficient space to install such systems that require vast land area. Hence in the present work, we have attempted to overcome such a constraint by harnessing solar energy in a prototype flat plate collector, which involves storing the solar energy in a phase change material and transporting it from one location to another and then transferring the energy to heat water at ambient temperature. The phase change material, Erythritol is utilized in order to store the solar thermal energy and extract it in the evening hours especially for the industries which are located in cities where space is the primary limitation to have larger solar energy harvesting units.

Experimental Set-Up

A prototype flat plate collector of size 420 mm x 320 mm was fabricated using waterproof plywood of thickness 12 mm with a surface area of 0.1344 m2 for the experimental investigation. Six copper pipes of diameter 12.5 mm and length 360 mm were placed inside the flat plate collector on a 22gauge copper sheet of dimension 600mm x 340 mm and fastened using copper binding wires. A single glazing with a thickness of 4mm covers the top surface of the collector. The sides and the bottom surface of the collector were insulated with glass wool to prevent the heat loss. The entire setup was mounted on a metal frame with one side inclined at 160. Copper pipes were filled with the phase change material (Erythritol). Thermocouples of ‘K’ type (10 no’s) with a digital indicator were used to measure the temperature of the PCM at regular intervals. Prior to the investigation, the thermocouples were calibrated by placing them at two fixed points namely ice and boiling water. The melting temperature of the PCM was confirmed by testing a sample in the laboratory. Next, the prototype flat plate collector incorporating the PCM copper tubes were placed in a non-shadow area facing south. The investigation was carried out for five days, recording the temperature of the PCM at regular 60- minute intervals. Once the PCM reached a temperature of 140°C, the investigation was stopped, and all the absorber pipes were removed from the collector and placed in an insulated tank containing water of one liter at mbient temperature. Polyurethane foam insulation (PUF) was used as insulating material to prevent the heat transfer to keep the PCM in the molten state.

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020

(c) Figure 1. (a) pyranometer, (b) copper tubes encapsulating Erythritol (PCM) and (c) configuration diagram Experiments were conducted on 5 different days. A pyranometer (CSP Services) was used to measure the radiation data at 15-minute interval starting from 9.00 a.m. The measured radiation data for 5 days, which included two days in February and three days in March, are given in the following table. The average value of the data for a given day was then used for the theoretical calculations. Table 1. Solar radiation data recorded on different days

Time 09:00 09:15 09:30 09:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 1:45 12:00 12:15 12:30 12:45 13:00 Average

01-03-2017 Direct radiation W/m2 9.38 606.16 8.27 628.24 666.57 592.76 472.17 646.26 667.59 461.36 671.85 444.13 743.71 42.46 2.19 696.90 615.86 467.46

02-03-2017 03-03-2017 01-02-2017 02-02-2017 Direct Direct radiation Direct radiation Direct radiation radiation W/m2 W/m2 W/m2 2 W/m 516.98 637.89 2.53 311.29 562.83 694.31 28.96 123.31 437.59 658.01 0.744 227.50 303.24 738.53 0.003 382.29 582.53 720.85 0.20 295.07 594.59 761.28 2.279 5.99 616.48 747.48 4.38 2.69 651.30 724.09 8.42 2.47 666.12 708.72 10.87 5.14 515.62 749.32 8.01 1.53 709.43 745.88 23.91 8.49 579.51 845.05 5.87 8.06 1.03 842.3 5.32 34.76 785.35 806.83 17.11 171.13 784.37 799.43 409.27 2.13 757.56 783.30 586.19 500.07 186.83 793.13 559.74 296.60 511.26 761.29 77.21 104.22 513

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020

Design of Prototype Flat Plate Collector (PTFP) Aperture area of flat plate collector (Ac) = 0.260 m2 Volume of each copper pipe (V) Density of the PCM (ρ) = 1450 kg/m3 Mass of the PCM in each copper = 0.076 kg

Energy Incident on the Prototype Collector (Q) The heat energy incident on the collector area,

Where, ηO = optical efficiency of the collector in (%) IB = Beam irradiation of the Collector (W/m2)

= 467.46 W/m2 A = Area of the collector (m2) Optical efficiency,

Where, α = Absorptivity of the absorber copper plate (0.8) τ = Transmissivity of glass (0.8) Therefore, the energy incident on the prototype flat Plate collector is 𝑄̇ = 77.7866047 W (J/S) Energy Required for The Fusion of the PCM (Q) The specific heat was considered as 2.9 KJ/kg/0C for liquid state, 1.3 KJ/kg/0C for solid state and the heat of fusion to be 340.6 KJ/kg whereas the melting temperature 119.50C for Erythritol [27]. Q = Heat collected duo to temperature rise in solid state + Heat of fusion + Heat accumulated duo to temperature rise in liquid state. Q = mcp(solid) ΔT+ m hfg+ mcp(liquid) ΔT

where, m is mass of the PCM in kg, cp is specific heat capacity of the PCM at constant pressure, ΔT is temperature gradient (0C), hfg is Latent heat of fusion of PCM Q = 0.076(1.3) (119.5-30) + 0.076(340.6) + 0.076(2.9) (140-119.5) = 8.8426+25.8856+4.5182 = 39.2464 KJ = 235.4784 KJ for 6 tubes of solar thermal energy is required to melt the PCM of 0.456 kg in mass. Time Taken for Fusion of the PCM 𝑡 = 𝑄̇/𝑄̇

where, t = time in minutes, Q is the total heat required for the fusion, 𝑄̇ is the rate of energy incident on the collector. t = (235.48 X 103 J/ 77.78X60 J/min) = 51 minutes Therefore, the time taken for the fusion of the PCM = 51 minutes.

Results And Discussion

The prototype flat plate collector with PCM incorporated tubes was tested on, March 01, March 02 & March 3 and February 01 & February 02 totaling a period of five days. The details of temperature attained by the PCM during the collection of solar energy process through the flat plate collector and the time taken to reach that temperature are tabulated and plotted below. The details of temperature measurement of the phase change material with respect to time on that specific day are recorded in the tables 02,03,04,05 & 06. The figures 2,3 & 4 show the variation in the time taken for the phase change material to melt and reach a temperature of 1400 C. It can be seen that depending on the intensity of the radiation on that specific day the time taken to reach this temperature (1400C) 514

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020 changed. For instance, it took 70 minutes to reach 1400 C on March 01 whereas it took just 35 minutes to reach the same temperature on March 03 since the radiation intensity was 467.46W/m2 on the former day whereas it was 761.29 W/m2 on the latter day. It may also be noted that on March 2, it took 50 minutes which was in between these two days for the same reason. It is also observed that during the phase change of the material from solid to liquid the temperature did not change for a while since the heat transfer was utilized for the change of the phase of the material. This duration changed from day to day depending on the intensity of the solar radiation on that specific day. In the similar fashion, the figures 6 &7 show the variation in the time taken on the month of February to melt the same phase change material of the same quantity. The figures reveal that due to the less intensity of the radiation that was occurring during this month the time that was taken to melt the phase change material was even longer. It took almost five hours on February 1 where as it was four hours on February 02. Obviously, the reason for such a drastic variation was the lower magnitude of the solar radiation intensity on these days. It is also observed that the time taken to melt the phase change material closely matches the theoretical calculation that was performed above. The energy that was harnessed totaling 235.47 KJ per day in the form of sensible and latent heat by storing in the PCM can be utilized when the necessity arises. After the hot copper pipes were removed from the collector and they were placed in a well-insulated container with Polyurethane Foam (PUF) material to eliminate the heat transfer losses. These copper pipes can be stored in an insulated container and delivered to the location where energy is required. During the evening hours, the energy stored can be used for domestic heat applications such as heating of water. It is anticipated to have a 10% heat loss for 8 hours of storage, with PUF insulation around the container of PCM which leads to 212 KJ of thermal energy will still be available, which is sufficient enough to raise the temperature of 1 litre of water from 30ᵒ to 75ᵒC. Table 2. The temperature of phase change material at different time intervals on March 1, 2017 Time

10.00 am 10.05 am 10.10 am 10.15 am 10.20 am 10.25 am 10.35 am 11.00 am 11.10 am

Table 3. The temperature of phase change material at different time intervals on March 2, 2017 Time

10.00am 10.02am 10.04am 10.06am 10.08am 10.10am 10.15am 10.45am 10.50am

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020 Table 4. The temperature of phase change material at different time intervals on March 3, 2017 Time 10.00 am 10.01 am 10.02 am 10.03 am 10.04 am 10.05 am 10.15 am 10.25 am 10.35 am

Figure 2. The recorded temperature vs time on March 01, 2017

Figure 3. The recorded temperature vs time on March 02, 2017

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020

Figure 4. The recorded temperature vs time on March 03, 2017 Table 5. The temperature of phase change material at different time intervals on February 1, 2017 Time 10.00 am 10.10 am 10.20 am 10.30 am 10.40 am 10.50 am 11.00 am 12.00 am 1.00 am 2.00 am 2.30 am 3.00 am

Temperature (0C) T1 T2 30 42 59 72 85 98 115 120 121 120 131 141

Table 6. The temperature of phase change material at different time intervals on February 2, 2017 Time 10.00 am 10.10 am 10.20 am 10.30 am 10.40 am 10.50 am 11.00 am 12.00 am 1.00 am 2.00 am 2.30 am

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020

Figure 5. The recorded temperature vs time on February 01, 2017

Figure 6. The recorded temperature vs time on February 02, 2017

Figure 7. Time required for the PCM to reach the target temperature(1400C) on five different days

Journal of Thermal Engineering, Research Article, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 93-99, July, 2020

Conclusion

On experimental investigation of a prototype flat plate collector incorporating the PCM(Erythritol), it is clearly shown that the solar energy can be harnessed and stored in the phase changing material in the form of latent and sensible heat which can be retrieved for later usage. It is observed that the energy harnessed and stored will be sufficient enough to raise the temperature of one litre of water by 45ᵒC from the ambient temperature. The time taken to store the required energy was observed to be 51 minutes when sufficient solar radiation is present. Space thus occupied by this set up is just 0.256 m2. Thus, increasing the size of the collector and refurbishing the model by incorporating more pipes within the given area, one could harness and store energy that is sufficient enough to deliver heat energy for cooking application for a single family in the evening hours. The novelty of this work lies in transporting the energy from a location where it is harnessed and delivering it to the place where it is utilized. On a large scale, this work will be fruitful to deliver the solar thermal energy to industries by transporting the PCM incorporated pipes in a well-insulated container. In the not too distant future, the feasibility of other concentrated thermal systems such as parabolic trough collector, linear Fresnel or dish collector could be experimentally investigated. Thus, the non-availability of space in industries for the installation of solar thermal systems can be overcome by installing the systems in remote locations and transporting and delivering the energy required for the industries and even for domestic applications.

Nomenclature

Cp Specific heat, kJ / kg oC 𝑚 mass, kg 𝑄̇ Heat, kJ 𝑡 Time, sec hfg Latent heat, kJ/kg T Temperature, oC Ac

Optical efficiency of the collector, % Absorptivity of the absorber copper plate Transmissivity of glass

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