Recent advances in single-phase liquid cooling techniques for performance enhancement of microchanne

Abstract

Keywords: Microchannel heat sink (mchs); developing flow; fully developed flow; rectangular channels; forced convection; ribs and cavities; nanofluids

1. Introduction

Figure 3. Illustration of different shapes of heat sink sections with its dimensions

Figure 4. Illustration of Cross section of different heat sinks with its dimensions

The increasing usage of high-heat-flux systems and advances in electronic technology have tremendously increased transistor density, resulting in integrated circuits that increase heat dissipation and pose significant challenges to improving heat transfer efficiency. Various conventional heat-transfer augmentation techniques such as jet impingement, and spray cooling coolant flows, lead to high energy consumption to carry away the heat flux and also require more open space for a consistent cooling effect. However, conventional MCHS have drawbacks, including excessive wall overheating, burnout, high pressure drop, and inconsistent temperature distribution. In light of the above problems, researchers immersed themselves in the design and upgrading of MCHS to advance thermal performance, in the past few years. Compared with conventional pipe flows, liquid-cooled MCHS is an efficient, cost-competitive solution that offers promising heat transfer capacity, flow regime that results in a high surface area-to-volume ratio, enhanced temperature uniformity, and a compact design, thereby attracting significant attention from researchers. In the present work, a large number of experimental and numerical investigations were undertaken on single-phase active cooling of smooth, rectangular, and various channel-geometry combinations. The development in the field of MCHS flow-disruption mechanisms promoted by designs such as ribs/fins and cavities/grooves, and by hybrid cooling techniques including secondary channels,

jet impingement, double-layered configurations, and Nanofluids heat-transfer enhancement has been discussed. Moreover, the focus is on how design advancements and operating parameters that are intimately involved in flow mixing led to significant improvements in heat transfer performance; these are discussed in detail. Tuckerman and Pease et al. [1] first instigated the application of miniaturization experimentally on rectangular MCHS. They proposed a high-performance heat sink, which plays a vital role in fulfilling the requirement of a highly efficient and accurate compact heat ex2 changer that can handle heat dissipation of 790 W/cm for highspeed VLSI circuits. Webb et al. [2] proposed four heat transfer enhancement methods and established equations for performance evaluation criteria (PEC) for heat exchanger optimum performance evaluation, till today those equations are still in use. However, the extensive work conducted on an effective heat transfer assessment method has provided motivation, used by many authors. Steinke and Kandlikar et al. [3] summarized review of available studies regarding single-phase heat transfer enhancement techniques, elaborated active and passive methods. They covered heat transfer augmentation techniques including flow transition, breakup of the boundary layer, entrance-region techniques, vibration, electric fields, and swirl flow, and proposed new cross-mixing designs between two adjacent liquid streams. They also proposed various methods for generating secondary flows by introducing smaller channels between the main flow channels. They made the initial, conventional MCHS heat-transfer analysis more concrete. Kroeker et al. [4] provided a more specific review on validity of the continuum model approach for solving three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer problems. They observed that numerical results of fluid flow and heat transfer generated by the continuum model matched very well with the experimental results at the micro-scale. Based on the analysis, they identified that the optimal fin thickness depends on height, material conductivity, and the thermo-physical properties of the fluid. However, it is independent of pumping power, fluid viscosity, and the channel length. Prasher et al. [5] reviewed progress rheology-based modelling and design of polymeric material usage, focused on thermal solutions in developing microelectronics. Their review of the progress made in this area are applications of nanoparticles, nanotubes, and polymeric (thermal interface) materials for its reliability in performance. Thermal architecture typically used in desktop is depicted in Figure 1. They focused on the phenomenon of minimizing thermal resistance between chip surfaces and substrates. Historically, they have compared rheological modelling with the dependence of bulk thermal resistance on particle volume fraction. They identified the importance of minimizing thermal resistance rather than increasing thermal conductivity. Experimental and numerical studies of thermal performance in MCHS with single-phase, laminar flow are summarized in Table 1.

Figure 7. Scholarly literature available globally in the area of MCHS from 1996 to 2024 in Google Scholar Mahalingam et al. [6] performed experimental studies on silicon substrates with non-compressible flow (water) and compressible flow (air). They identified that thermal resistance depends on power dissipation and on flow rates, and velocities of water. Their exper3 imental results revealed that at different flow rates of 12 cm /s, 63 3 cm /s, and the thermal resistances are 0.03 K/W, 0.02 K/W, respec2 2 tively; corresponding heat removal rates are 2.4 W/cm , 3.6 W/cm , respectively. Kishimoto and Osaki et al. [7] developed high-density stack packaging to increase volume power density for multichip packaging applications at lower thermal resistance. To identify it, they designed and fabricated an alumina substrate with a cross section of 800 µm wide x 400 µm high. The experimental study reveals optimal structure dimensions for cooling, and identifies that cooling capability depends on uniform coolant flow distribution. However, they also fabricated an indirect liquid cooling package to mount VLSI chips above multi-layered substrates, the heat dissipation was higher than 400 Watts per package at a flow rate of 1.0 litre/min. Phillips et al. [8] extended the theoretical analysis done by Tuckerman and Pease [1]. They focused on small, moderate, and large channel aspect ratios for developing and fully developed flows in laminar and turbulent regimes. They investigated the characteristics of smooth, and roughened (with repeated ribs) surfaces, finding a pressure drop of 414 kPa and the lowest thermal resistance of 0.072 K/W. Their study noted that variation in the Nusselt number is attributable to the coolant phase, properties, flow rate, flow regime (laminar, transition, and turbulent), channel geometry, axial position, and heat input boundary conditions. Harpole et al. [9] developed numerical model of the multi-dimensional flow model, designed silicon etched manifold system that forces liquid flow between the fins and focused on optimizing design parameters. The experimental evaluations revealed that the favorable scaling of increments in geometrical dimensions and decrements in flow rate depends on heat flux. Furthermore,

the investigation indicates that the optimum fin thickness should be half of the channel width, which can reduce flow resistance with increased fluid flow area and achieved heat transfer coefficient of 100 2 W/cm K at a pressure drop of 2 bar. Figure 7 shows the scientific platform Google scholar, which clearly exhibits using data from research articles published from 1996 to 2024. A gradual growth trend in MCHS research has been observed

over the years. The growth of computer applications has driven a substantial demand for low power consumption and improved thermal performance, attracting the focus of traditional researchers toward further design advancements. Throughout the study, they observed that the pressure drop was the major drawback of MCHS flows.

Table 1. A summary of selected literature based on geometry of ribs, cavities and secondary channels for comparative study in MCHS based on thermal performance (TP) Authors

geometrical parameters ranges are the grove 0 angle (50–100 ), depth (10–25 µm) and pitch (400–550 µm), Re = 266.12, 532.24, and 6 2 798.36, with a heat flux of 10 W/m

The best geometrical parameters identified for triangular cavity 0 model observed at angle of groove, depth of groove, pitch are 100 , 25 µm and 450 µm, respectively and Nusselt number, efficiency is increased by 189.84%, 179.55% respectively.

Header shapes (triangular, trapezoidal and rectangular), inlet/outlet locations (I, C and Z-type)

Hydraulic diameter is 0.15 mm, and the aspect ratio is 0.333, fluid flow rate increases from 100 ml/min to 200 ml/min, with a heat 2 flux of 200 W/cm

Compared MCHS with offset fan-shaped re-entrant cavities and triangular re-entrant cavities), identified lower pressure drop, bottom wall temperature for triangular re-entrant cavities at fluid flow rate of 150 ml/min with I-type.

Height, width and length equal to 0.5, 0.1 and 10 mm, cases are with baffle, without baffle, cut baffle, porous baffle with a heat flux of 100 2 W/cm , Re ≤ 1000

Thermal resistance was reduced by 11.8%, 7.1%, and 4.4% compared to the case with uniform inlet velocities for average MCHS velocities equal to 0.5, 1, and 2 m/s, respectively.

MCHS with cross-sectional size of each 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm, 20 channels, inlet velocities considered from

3. Channel with heat transfer enhancers (flow disruptions)

The principle underlying the chaotic mixing technique has been adopted previously by many researchers. The standard working devices include the simplest low-Reynolds-number cavity flow, which creates mixing. Moreover, mixing efficiency depends on the strategies implemented and can lead to rapid mixing rather than pure diffusion. Xia et al. [17] studied fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of MCHS numerically. They considered offset fanshaped, triangular re-entrant cavities with three different inlet/out-

let locations (I-, C-, and Z-type) on the side walls, while maintaining even flow distribution, as presented in Figure 2(a). Different header shapes (triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular) influence flow impingement, as shown in Figure 2(b). They observed that the wall at the header location plays a significant role in fluid distribution, which is associated with static pressure variations and uniform flow velocity along the stream. Savino et al. [18] investigated numerically on double layered cross flow configuration to mitigate hotspots near the outlet port, focused on design of headers that effect into uniform flow velocity distribution to improve heat transfer, as presented in Figure 5. They identified that the proper design of header, and piping is key to a uniform velocity distribution, which ensures a reduction in thermal resistance of up to 11.8% and temperature uniformity. Shao et al. [19] investigated numerically on shape optimization of inlet header in order to maintain uniformity in fluid-flow. To improve the flow distribution characteristics, they used predictions from neural networks combined with a genetic algorithm, the optimized result is presented in Figure 6. They compared the optimal design with the original design and identified that non-uniformity can be reduced from 52.43% to 33.17% by changing the inlet velocity from 0.05 m/sec to 0.1 m/ sec. Lorenz et al. [20] discovered chaos in the form of changing flow patterns oscillation in a regular periodic fashion to irregular, haphazard, and for long periods of time does not appear to repeat their previous path. To study forced dissipative hydrodynamic flow, they formulated nonlinear differential equations and observed the trajectories of their solutions in phase space. Many studies have investigated the use of MCHS under various flow disruptions. Primary research focuses on the rectangular and circular geometrical parameters of MCHS in terms of aspect ratios and size, and on identifying scaling effects based on convection heat transfer studies. The advancement includes cavity and groove shapes, including triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, fan-shaped, sinusoidal, transverse microchambers, curvy, wavy, and zigzag forms; rib and fin shapes (including rectangular, forward-triangle, backward-triangle, diamond, elliptic, strip/pin, and oblique fins); and secondary channels as well as interrupted or bifurcated configurations. Gunnasegaran et al. [21] studied the importance of geometric shapes in heat transfer characteristics, including inlet/outlet ports, wall plenums, and different shapes of rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular MCHS numerically, as shown in Figure 3. They further identified differences in hydraulic diameter (the combined effect of height and width) on the MCHS heat transfer coefficient. They suggested that rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular MCHS influence fluid flow and heat transfer behaviour, with MCHS with smaller hydraulic diameters reporting higher maximum heat transfer than circular cross-sectional shapes.

Wang et al. [22] conducted numerical analysis on geometrical parameters, considering different geometric shapes of MCHS. Twelve different aspect ratios for rectangular, MCHS designs, two for trapezoidal designs, and three for designs with a triangular cross-sectional area were also examined, as shown in Figure 4. However, in this study, they have taken the temperature-dependent variation in water viscosity into account. They identified that the numerical prediction bounds of the Navier–Stokes equations and heat transfer theory are fully valid up to a hydraulic diameter of 0.349 mm.

11. They observed that thermal boundary layer thinning enhances

mixing as the flow over offset ribs begins to deflect, creating recirculation. Chai et al. [25] numerically investigated aligned, offset fanshaped rib influence on average Nusselt number and thermal resistance variations. Furthermore, variations in rib width, height, and spacing affect Re, which ranges from 187 to 715. They observed that, with an offset fan-shaped ribs design, the average Nusselt number increased by 4–103% and the total thermal resistance decreased by 2–42% compared with the aligned arrangement, owing to entrance effects. Furthermore, effective convection is observed for arrangements of rib height and spacing, shown as in Figure 9. Ali et al. [26] performed numerical simulation on V-shaped rib, examined the influence of angle of attack on thermal and hydraulic 0 efficiency. They observed that V-shaped rib at higher angles like 90 significantly producing turbulence, decreases the pressure drop at lower Re values, in contrast at higher Re values at smaller attack 0 angle of 35 producing better heat transfer capabilities at reasonable pressure drop.

Figure 9. Illustration of MCHS design of ribs, cavities and ribs inside cavities – Fan-shaped ribs on side walls

4. Hybrid cooling techniques

Advanced hybrid cooling techniques, which incorporate multiple enhancement strategies into a conventional single cooling method, are used to achieve superior heat transfer characteristics such as micro-pin fins, jet impingement, composites, secondary channels with ribs/fins and cavities, phase change materials (PCM), and hybrid manifold design. The integrated cooling method involves complex flow-pattern design that promotes fluid mixing, disrupts thermal boundary layers, and is particularly effective in mitigating localized hot spots to optimize thermal and hydraulic performance. However, these challenges—including fabrication complexities, pressure drop penalties, and the need for advanced optimization of geometry, working fluid, and substrate material properties—are particularly acute for next-generation thermal management solutions which demand high reliability, compactness, and efficient heat dissipation.

Figure 15. Schematic illustration of MCHS designs with secondary channels arrangement – Offset strip fins image of scanning electron microscope (SEC)

Figure 17. Illustration of triangular cavity, rectangular rib and secondary channels (TC-RR-SC)

Figure 18. Illustration of secondary oblique channels with rectangular rib (MC-SORR)

each oblique fin reduced boundary-layer thickness, reinitiated boundary-layer development, sustained the developing flow, and an average increase of 80% in the local heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the arrangement of oblique fins creates a structured flow with secondary flows and entrance effects that lead to a change in temperature gradient of 276.6 K, compared with the conventional channel’s 284.8 K. Ghani et al. [35] numerically studied the hybrid technique of ribs with secondary channels for 100 < Re < 500. They compared MC rectangular ribs with MC secondary oblique channels (SOC), the larger flow area in the secondary channel reduced pressure drops by 50%. They achieved the best overall performance of 1.98 at Re = 500. Figure 18. depicts the arrangement of secondary oblique channels with rectangular ribs. Figure 19. Illustration of symmetric wavy MCHS with wave troughto crest secondary channels (SW-TC)

Figure 20. Illustration of half of two adjacent MCHS with microchamber, secondary branch, and blockage

19. They reported that with an increase in Re from 150 to 300, the

vortex formed inside the secondary channel became denser, compared with the central area. The results showed the highest thermal performance of 1.84 at Re=50, the lowest entropy generation number of 0.56 at Re=100 and the most uniform temperature distribution along the length of the channel. Kumar et al. [41] numerically investigated on oblique microchamber with secondary branch and blockage (OMSBB), as depicted in Figure 20. The Nusselt number ratio achieved (1.92) by the configuration without an oblique microchamber dominates up to Re = 397; beyond that, the Nusselt number ratio for the OMSBB configuration continuously increases. Entropy generation due to heat transfer is also much lower, at 0.55. Peng et al. [42] numerically investigated on MCHS with staggered diamond ribs (SDR) as shown in Figure 23, compared with rectangular ribs (RR). The smooth slicing of the diamond rib which acts as a secondary channel and causes mixing of the main flow, clearly shows that the boundary layer’s maximum difference in base temperature remains between 289 and 291 K. They also observed a 2.1fold improvement in the Nu of SDR compared with RR at Re= 500.

5. Heat sink material and microchannel fluids

Many researchers Xie et al. [83], Xia et al. [84], Kuppusamy et al. [85], Vinodhan et al. [86], Sui et al. [87], Mohammed et al. [88] etc. in their theoretical and experimental works used silicon as channel material while Ghani et al. [35], Deng et al. [89], Lee et al. [90], Yan Fan et al. [91] etc. used silicon and copper as channel material. Copper is often preferred because of its high ductility, good machinability, high strength, ease of joining, good surface quality, corrosion resistance, and excellent thermal conductivity, which enables rapid and uniform heating. The working fluids most commonly used in microchannels are air, water, and refrigerants. Tullius et al. [92] reviewed microchannel cooling studies and summarized the selection of fluids for different applications based on their heat transfer performance and transport properties. Air is not preferable for cooling in miniaturized electronic applications with high heat dissipation, whereas liquids that can handle heat fluxes above 100 W/cm² are preferred in microchannels. Most liquid coolants, such as water, ethylene glycol, and refrigerants, offer higher convective heat transfer coefficients and specific heat capacities, making them effective for high heat dissipation. Incropera et al. [93] provided a detailed qualitative comparison of heat transfer coefficients for different fluids, as shown in Figure 25. In microchannels, heat transfer performance is affected not only by fluid properties but also by factors such as channel geometry, wall surface conditions, and the presence of grooves, cavities, or extended fins on the inner and outer surfaces of the channel.

6. Conclusion

In the present paper, an effort has been made to summarize experimental and numerical investigations of active heat-transfer-enhancement techniques for liquid flow in MCHS, focusing on heat transfer and pressure-drop characteristics. The content is divided into: first, the basic concept of smooth/rectangular channels and second, flow disruptions, which include extended surfaces (fins/ ribs), interruptions, bifurcations, cavities/grooves, secondary channels/oblique fins, and advanced cooling methods such as hybrid nanofluids/multi-walled nanotubes, jet impingement, and pin fins. The nanofluid with varying particle concentrations exhibits improved thermal conductivity and performance. It aims to conduct a comparative study of methods for maximizing the convective heat transfer coefficient by addressing reported by previous researchers. Different design approaches, can minimize the laminar stagnation zone; for example. restricting fluid slip over re-entrant cavities can be achieved with ribs that enhance flow disturbance and regulate the maximum temperature near the substrate bottom wall at the outlet region; substrate material selection, operating conditions, and working fluid thermophysical properties also influence this. However, many studies have examined how different channel geometries, such as, circular, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, wavy shape designs can augment heat transfer increment based on the area available. The study also focused on various types of nanofluids such as alumina oxide, magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O) /graphene, silver (Ag) nanoparticles, copper (Cu), titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofluid along with water. The redevelopment of the thermal boundary layer results in more significant heat transfer coefficients was proven by many authors, profound enhancement is observed based on entrance effect. Further advancement is observed through their experiments based on thermal design corresponding to shape, geometrical parameters of cavities, ribs, and secondary channels combination. The extensive design strategies come across in previous literature study on MCHS, some recommendations based on the current review work are •

It was identified that geometric parameters, such as cavity width, cavity length, rib width, rib length, and aspect ratio associated with channel-shape optimization, make it possible to control an appropriate balance between coolant temperature and wall temperature. In terms of application, new substrate materials and coolants, such as hybrid nano/monofluids with improved thermo-physical properties, show cooling potential through heat transfer enhancement. As heat sink geometry like rib arrangement inside cavities, to the side walls and also with addition of connecting secondary channels plays key role in heat transfer enhancement, most numerical studies observed are based on vortex growth,

change of flow structure, topology optimization, stirring of the hot and cold streams, still many more innovative designs need to be tested. Application of an advanced ternary hybrid nanofluid consisting of zinc and aluminium oxide nanoparticles to fins provided a Nusselt number improvement of 33.20 %. The base fluids most commonly used are water and ethylene glycol (EG) hybrid nanoparticle combinations, including oxides of Zinc (ZnO), Copper (CuO), Aluminum (Al2O3), Titanium (Tio2) exhibit a 40% higher thermal performance. Geometric advancements in hybrid designs (fin/rib structures and secondary channels), parameter optimization based on multi-physics analyses, and hybrid nanofluids at different concentrations have been found to enhance heat transfer while minimizing pressure drop. These findings have significant implications for the industry and warrant further investigation. The pin fins with advanced nanoparticles of silver and magnesium and carbon-based nanofluids such as graphene nanoplatelets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes showed a Nu improvement of 60.54%. The design of the header is crucial for achieving optimal heat transfer enhancement. The arrangement, shape, and position of the inlet and outlet, and the selection of headers, can adversely affect pressure drop, particularly as flow rate increases. The Z-type manifold design has been achieved the ultra-high heat dissipation to date. Therefore, it is advisable to explore the design of manifolds further.

Acknowledgements

This research was conducted at Sri Vasavi Engineering College, Pedatadepalli, Tadepalligudem, and at NIT Agartala, Agartala, and did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Disclosure of interest No potential competing interests were reported by the authors.

Abbreviations

Copyright and permission statement All the illustration Figures of different microchannel designs were drawn using license copy of Google Gemini platform of Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Malaysia.

D.B. Tuckerman, R.F.W. Pease., (1981)., High-performance heat sinking for VLSI, IEEE Electron, Device Lett. 2 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDL.1981.25367. Webb, R.L. (1981)., “Performance evaluation criteria for use of enhanced heat transfer surfaces in heat exchanger design”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 24, n. 4, pp.715-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(81)90015-6. Steinke, M. E., and Kandlikar, S. G., (2004)., “Single-Phase Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques in Microchannel and Minichannel Flows”, ASME 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, June 17–19, Rochester, NY. https://doi. org/10.1115/ICMM2004-2328. Kroeker, C.J., Soliman, H.M. and Ormiston, S.J., (2004)., “Three-dimensional thermal analysis of heat sinks with circular cooling micro-channels”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 47(22), pp.4733-4744. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer. 2004.05.028. Prasher. R., (2006)., “Thermal Interface Materials: Historical Perspective, Status, and Future Directions”, Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 94, n. 8, pp. 1571-1586. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ JPROC.2006.879796. Mahalingam, M., (1985)., “Thermal management in semiconductor device packaging”, Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 73(9), pp.1396-1404. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1985. 13300. Kishimoto, T. and Saski, S., (1987)., “Cooling characteristics of diamond-shaped interrupted cooling fin for high-power LSI devices”, Electronics Letters, v. 9(23), pp.456-457. https:// doi.org/10.1049/el:19870328. Phillips, R. J., (1987)., “Forced-Convection, Liquid-Cooled Micro Channel Heat Sinks”,M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Harpole, G.M. and Eninger, J.E., (1991)., “Micro-channel heat exchanger optimization”, Proceeding of the 7th IEEE SEMITHERM Symposium (pp. 59-63). https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ STHERM.1991.152913· Sharma, C.S., Tiwari, M.K., Zimmermann, S., Brunschwiler, T., Schlottig, G., Michel, B. and Poulikakos, D., (2015)., “Energy efficient hotspot-targeted embedded liquid cooling of electronics”, Applied Energy, v.138, pp.414-422. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apenergy. 2014.10.068. Yang, S., Li, J., Cao, B., Wu, Z. and Sheng, K., (2024)., “Investigation of Z-type manifold microchannel cooling for ultra-high heat flux dissipation in power electronic devices”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v.218, pp.124792. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124792. Kuppusamy, N.R., Mohammed, H.A. and Lim, C.W., (2014)., “Thermal and hydraulic characteristics of nanofluid in a triangular grooved microchannel heat sink (TGMCHS)”, Applied Mathematics and Computation, v.246, pp.168-183. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.amc.2014.07.087.

Wu, P. and Little, W. A., (1983)., “Measurement of friction factors for the flow of gases in very fine channels used for microminiature refrigerators”, Cryogenics, v. 24, pp. 273-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(83)90150-9. Wu, P. and Little, W.A., (1984)., “Measurement of the heat transfer characteristics of gas flow in fine channel heat exchangers used for microminiature refrigerators”, Cryogenics,v. 24(8), pp.415-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/00112275(84)90015-8. Peng, X.F., Peterson, G.P. and Wang, B.X., (1994)., “Heat transfer characteristics of water flowing through microchannels”, Experimental Heat Transfer an International Journal, v. 7(4), pp.265-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916159408946485. Peng, X.F., Peterson, G.P. and Wang, B.X., (1994)., “Frictional flow characteristics of water flowing through rectangular microchannels”, Experimental Heat Transfer an International Journal, v. 7(4), pp.249-264. https://doi. org/10.1080/08916159408946484. Xia, G.D., Jiang, J., Wang, J., Zhai, Y.L., Ma, D.D., (2015)., “Effects of different geometric structures on fluid flow and heat transfer performance in microchannel heat sinks”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 80, pp. 439–447. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.095. Savino, S. and Nonino, C., (2024)., "Thermal Performance Improvement of Cross-Flow Double-Layered Microchannel Heat Sinks through Proper Header Design", Energies, v. 17(15), p.3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153790. [Permission and distribution of Material is License from MDPI, Basel, Switzerland under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license] Shao, H., Wang, Z., Liao, M., Li, C., Liang, Z. and Zhao, Q., (2023)., "Shape optimization of inlet header of micro-channel heat sink using surrogate model combined with genetic algorithm", Thermal Science, v. 27(6 Part A), pp.4551-4564. [Permission and distribution of Material is License from Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)] Lorenz, E.N., (1963)., "Deterministic non-periodic flow", Journal of atmospheric sciences, v. 20(2), pp.130-141. https:// doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469. Gunnasegaran, P., Mohammed H.A., Shuaib, N.H., Saidur, R., (2010)., “The effect of geometrical parameters on heat transfer characteristics of microchannels heat sink with different shapes”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 37, pp. 1078–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icheatmasstransfer.2010.06.014. Wang, H., Chen, Z., Gao, J., (2016)., “Influence of Geometric Parameters on Flow and Heat Transfer Performance of Micro-Channel Heat Sinks”, Applied Thermal Engineering, v.107, pp. 870-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.039.

Jubran, B.A. and AI-Salaymeh, A.S., (1996)., “Heat transfer enhancement in electronic modules using ribs and “filmcooling-like” techniques”, International journal of heat and fluid flow, v.17(2), pp.148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142727X(95)00098-B. Chai, L., Xia, G.D. and Wang, H.S., (2016)., “Numerical study of laminar flow and heat transfer in microchannel heat sink with offset ribs on sidewalls”, Applied Thermal Engineering, v. 92, pp.32-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.071. Chai, L., Xia, G.D. and Wang, H.S., (2016)., “Parametric study on thermal and hydraulic characteristics of laminar flow in microchannel heat sink with fan-shaped ribs on sidewalls– Part 1: Heat transfer”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 97, pp.1069-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.02.077. Ali, N., Haque, I., Alam, T., Siddiqui, T.U., Ansari, M.A., Yadav, J., Srivastava, S., Cuce, E., Ashraf, I. and Dobrotă, D., (2025)., “Numerical investigation on heat transfer and flow mechanism in microchannel heat sink having V shape ribs”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 65, p.105684. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105684. Ahmed, H.E., Ahmed, M.I., (2015)., “Optimum thermal design of triangular, trapezoidal and rectangular grooved microchannel heat sinks”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 66, pp. 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icheatmasstransfer.2015.05. 009. Chai, L., Xia, G., Wang, L., Zhou, M. and Cui, Z., (2013)., “Heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sinks with periodic expansion–constriction cross-sections”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 62, pp.741-751. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.03.045. Li, Y.F., Xia, G.D., Ma, D.D., Jia, Y.T. and Wang, J., (2016)., “Characteristics of laminar flow and heat transfer in microchannel heat sink with triangular cavities and rectangular ribs”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 98, pp.17-28. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tca.2013.09.011. Ghani, I. A., Kamaruzaman, N., & Sidik, N. A. C., (2017)., “Heat transfer augmentation in a microchannel heat sink with sinusoidal cavities and rectangular ribs”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v.108, pp.1969-1981. https://doi. org/10.1016/ j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.01.046. Wang, Y., Liu, J., Yang, K., Liu, J. and Wu, X., (2024)., “Performance and parameter optimization design of microchannel heat sink with different cavity and rib combinations”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 53, p.103843. Gönül, A., (2025)., Enhancement of heat transfer characteristics in wavy microchannel heat sinks with streamlined micropins within convergent-divergent flow passages, Applied Thermal Engineering, v. 258, p.124574. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024. 124574.

Kandlikar, S.G., Colin, S., Peles, Y., Garimella, S., Pease, R.F., Brandner, J.J. and Tuckerman, D.B., (2013)., “Heat transfer in microchannels—2012 status and research needs”, Journal of Heat Transfer, 135(9), p.091001. https://doi. org/10.1115/1.4024354. Lee, Y.J., Lee, P.S. and Chou, S.K., (2009)., “Enhanced microchannel heat sinks using oblique fins”, International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition, v. 43604, pp. 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1115/InterPACK2009-89059. Ghani, I.A., Sidik, N.A.C. and Kamaruzaman, N., (2017)., “Hydrothermal performance of microchannel heat sink: The effect of channel design”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 107, pp.21-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.031. Japar, W.M.A.A., Sidik, N.A.C. and Mat, S., (2018)., “A comprehensive study on heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sink with secondary channel”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 99, pp.62-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.icheatmasstransfer.2018.10.005. Shi, X., Li, S., Mu, Y. and Yin, B., (2019)., “Geometry parameters optimization for a microchannel heat sink with secondary flow channel”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 104, pp.89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icheatmasstransfer. 2019.03.009. Bala Subrahmanyam, K. and Das, P., (2023)., “Numerical investigation of heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sink with fan cavities using secondary channels and ribs”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, v. 237(5), pp.1783-1798. https://doi.org/10.1177/095440892 21127132. Bala Subrahmanyam, K., Das, P. and Ranjith Kumar, V., (2024)., “An overview of conjugate heat transfer augmentation methods for thermal management and recent advancements in microchannel heat sink overall performance”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, p.09544089241253687. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241253687. Zhu, Q., Liu, X., Zeng, J., Zhao, H., He, W., Deng, H. and Chen, G., (2025)., “Numerical study of heat transfer and fluid flow in a symmetric wavy microchannel heat sink reinforced by slanted secondary channels”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 65, p.105605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. csite.2024.105605. Kumar, V., Mondal, S., Datta, A. and Agrawal, A., (2024)., “A flow structure design based novel micro heatsink”, Physics of Fluids, v. 36(7). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0215512. Peng, J., (2025)., February, “Numerical study on hydraulic and heat transfer characteristics of diamond-shaped staggered rib microchannel heat sink”, In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, v.2964, No.1, p.012021, IOP Publishing. DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/2964/1/012021. Faghri, A., (2012)., “Review and advances in heat pipe science and technology”, Journal of heat transfer, v. 134(12), pp.123001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007407.

Jambunathan, K., Lai, E., Moss, M. and Button, B.L., (1992)., “A review of heat transfer data for single circular jet impingement”, International journal of heat and fluid flow, v. 13(2), pp.106-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-727X(92)90017-4. Kim, J., (2007)., “Spray cooling heat transfer: The state of the art”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, v. 28(4), pp.753-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow. 2006.09.003. Mostafa. Y. T, El-Dosoky. M. F., M. Abdelgawad, Hassan. O., (2023)., “Numerical investigation of a hybrid double layer microchannel heat sink with jet impingement”, International Journal of Thermofluids, v. 20, pp.100465. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijft. 2023.100465. Vamsi, B.V.S.R., Raveendiran, P. and Sastry, M.R.C., (2021)., “Experimental and numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer in the impinging of inline round jets”, Journal of Thermal Engineering, v. 11(1), pp.270-289. Chandratilleke, T.T., Jagannatha, D. and Narayanaswamy, R., (2009), December. “Performance analysis of a synthetic jet-microchannel hybrid heat sink for electronic cooling”, In 2009 11th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (pp. 630-635), IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ EPTC.2009.5416472. Hoang, C.H., Tradat, M., Manaserh, Y., Ramakrisnan, B., Rangarajan, S., Hadad, Y., Schiffres, S. and Sammakia, B., (2020), October., “Liquid cooling utilizing a hybrid microchannel/ multi-jet heat sink: A component level study of commercial product”, In International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition (v. 84041, p. V001T08A008). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi. org/10.1115/ IPACK2020-2627. Song. Z., (2023)., “Effect of Heat Transfer Performance and Thermodynamic Analysis of Complex Structured Double-layer Microchannels Heat Sink” Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, v. 41, CDMMS-2023. https:// doi.org/10.54097/hset.v41i. 6819. Yaghoobi, A. and Kharati-koopaee, M., (2021)., “Numerical investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer within multilayer wavy microchannels, Journal of Thermal Engineering, v. 10(3), pp.622-637. Ramesh, K.N., Sharma, T.K. and Rao, G., (2021)., “Latest advancements in heat transfer enhancement in the micro-channel heat sinks: a review”, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, v. 28(4), pp.3135-3165.https://doi. org/10.1007/s11831-020-09495-1. Ghule, V.M., Pawar, A.A., Patil, L.N. And Javanjal, V.K., (2025)., “Numerical and experimental investigation of cross cut angle impact on heat transfer in microchannels”, Sigma, v. 43(2), pp.463-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124574. Liu, P., Sun, R., Hu, L. and Qiu, Y., (2024)., “Numerical study of heat transfer and entropy generation in ribbed microchannel with nanofluid and multiple jet impingement”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 62, p.105208. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.csite.2024. 105208.

Kuppusamy, N.R., Mohammed, H.A. and Lim, C.W., (2013)., “Numerical investigation of trapezoidal grooved microchannel heat sink using nanofluids”, Thermochimica acta, v. 573, pp.39-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.09.011. Bahiraei, M., Jamshid mofid, M. and Goodarzi, M., (2019)., “Efficacy of a hybrid nanofluid in a new microchannel heat sink equipped with both secondary channels and ribs”, Journal of Molecular Liquids, v.273, pp.88-98. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.molliq. 2018.10.003. Sarafraz, M.M. and Arjomandi, M., (2018)., “Demonstration of plausible application of gallium nano-suspension in microchannel solar thermal receiver: experimental assessment of thermo-hydraulic performance of microchannel”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 94, pp.39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer. 2018.03. 013. Souby, M.M., Salman, M., Prabakaran, R. and Kim, S.C., (2023)., “Hydrothermal characteristics and irreversibility behavior of microchannel heat sink operated with hybrid nanofluids: A critical assessment”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 49, p.103387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. csite.2023.103387. Souby, M.M., Bargal, M.H., Maher, H., Salman, M., Liu, J. and Kim, S.C., (2024)., “Numerical assessment of hydrothermal and entropy generation characteristics of graphene quantum dots nanofluid in a microchannel heat sink incorporating secondary channels and ribs”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 61, p.104894. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.csite.2024.104894. Najafpour, A. and Rostami, M.H., (2025)., “Numerical analysis of thermal and hydrothermal characteristics of a heat sink with various fin configurations and ternary nanofluid composition”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 68, p.105928. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.csite.2025.105928. Arshad, A., Ikhlaq, M., Saeed, M. and Imran, M., (2024)., “Numerical analysis of mono and hybrid nanofluids-cooled micro finned heat sink for electronics cooling-(Part-I) “, International Journal of Thermofluids, v. 23, p.100810. https:// doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijft.2024.100810. Arshad, A., Ikhlaq, M., Saeed, M. and Imran, M., (2024)., “Numerical analysis of mono and hybrid nanofluids-cooled micro finned heat sink for electronics cooling-(Part-II) “. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, v. 55, p.103005. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tsep.2024.103005. Veeraraghavan, G., Subramaniam, P. and Rajesh, M., (2025)., “Computational and experimental studies on the thermal performance of synthesized composite nanofluid in rectangular microchannel heat sink”, Results in Engineering, v. 25, p.103687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng. 2024.103687. Chen, C.H. and Yaji, K., (2025)., “Topology optimization for microchannel heat sinks with nanofluids using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 243, p.126870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126870.

Kamsuwan, C., Wang, X., Seng, L.P., Xian, C.K., Piemjaiswang, R., Piumsomboon, P., Manatura, K., Kaewbumrung, M., Pratumwal, Y., Otarawanna, S. and Chalermsinsuwan, B., (2023)., “Enhancing performance of polymer-based microchannel heat exchanger with nanofluid: A computational fluid dynamics-artificial neural network approach”, South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, v. 46(1), pp.361-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sajce.2023.09.001. Liao, C.C., Li, W.K. and Lin, H.E., (2025)., “Heat transfer enhancement in microchannel systems through geometric modification of vortex generators and nanofluid integration: A numerical study”, Results in Engineering, v. 25, p.104138. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.rineng.2025.104138. Suja, S.B., Islam, M.R. and Ahmed, Z.U., (2024), “Numerical investigation of thermal and hydraulic characteristics in porous pin fin heat sinks using single phase nanofluids”, International Journal of Thermofluids, v. 22, p.100677. https://doi. org/10.1016/ j.ijft.2024.100677. Tuaima, A.N., Shkarah, A.J. and Salman, M.D., (2024), “The influence of micro-channel shape filled by nanofluid on heat transfer characteristics: Numerical and experimental study”, Al-Qadisiyah J Eng Sci, v. 17, pp.029-37. https://doi. org/10.30772/qjes.2023. 143746.1039. Göksu, T.T., (2024), “Enhancing cooling efficiency: innovative geometric designs and mono-hybrid nanofluid applications in heat sinks”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 55, p.104096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.104096. Chu, Y.M., Farooq, U., Mishra, N.K., Ahmad, Z., Zulfiqar, F., Yasmin, S. and Khan, S.A., (2023), “CFD analysis of hybrid nanofluid-based microchannel heat sink for electronic chips cooling: applications in nano-energy thermal devices”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 44, p.102818. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102818. Qu, C., Zheng, J., Wu, S., Dai, R. and Zhang, J., (2023), “Multi-objective optimization of thermal and hydraulic performance with various concentrations of hybrid Fe3O4/ graphene nanofluids in a microchannel heat sink”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 45, p.102963. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.csite.2023.102963. Nabi, H., Gholinia, M. and Ganji, D.D., (2023), “Employing the (SWCNTs-MWCNTs)/H2O nanofluid and topology structures on the microchannel heatsink for energy storage: A thermal case study”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 42, p.102697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102697. Nimmagadda, R. and Venkatasubbaiah, K., (2015), “Conjugate heat transfer analysis of micro-channel using novel hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3+ Ag/Water) “, European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, v. 52, pp.19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. euromechflu.2015.01.007. Takabi, B. and Shokouhmand, H., (2015), “Effects of Al 2 O 3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer and flow characteristics in turbulent regime”, International Journal of Modern Physics C, v. 26(04), p.1550047. https://doi.org/10.1142/ S0129183115500473.

Suresh, S., Venkitaraj, K.P., Selvakumar, P. and Chandrasekar, M., (2011), “Synthesis of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluids using two step method and its thermo physical properties”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 388(1-3), pp.41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.08.005. Sundar, L.S., Singh, M.K. and Sousa, A.C., (2014), Enhanced heat transfer and friction factor of MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluids, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 52, pp.73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. icheatmasstransfer. 2014.01. 012. Yarmand, H., Gharehkhani, S., Ahmadi, G., Shirazi, S.F.S., Baradaran, S., Montazer, E., Zubir, M.N.M., Alehashem, M.S., Kazi, S.N. and Dahari, M., (2015), “Graphene nanoplatelets– silver hybrid nanofluids for enhanced heat transfer”, Energy conversion and management, v. 100, pp.419-428. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.05.023. Megatif, L., Ghozatloo, A., Arimi, A. and Shariati-Niasar, M., (2016), “Investigation of laminar convective heat transfer of a novel TiO2–carbon nanotube hybrid water-based nanofluid”, Experimental Heat Transfer, v. 29(1), pp.124-138. https://doi. org/10.1080/ 08916152.2014.973974. Madhesh, D. and Kalaiselvam, S., (2014), “Experimental analysis of hybrid nanofluid as a coolant”, Procedia engineering, v. 97, pp.1667-1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng. 2014.12.317. Jani, M.N.S. and Saeid, N., (2024)., “Thermal stress analysis in pin fin microchannel heat sink”, Journal of Thermal Engineering, v. 10(2), pp.273-285. https://doi.org/10.18186/ thermal.1448547. Alihosseini, Y., Oghabneshin, Y., Bari, A.R., Moslemi, S., Targhi, M.Z., Guo, W. and Mashhadian, A., (2024), “Oblique microchannel merged with circle micro pin-fin as a novel hybrid heat sink for cooling of electronic devices”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 53, p.103888. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103888. Raafat, A., Alteneiji, M., Kamra, M. and Al Nuaimi, S., (2025)., “Hydrothermal performance of microchannel heat sink integrating pin fins based on triply periodic minimal surfaces”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 66, p.105773. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.105773. Xie, G., Shen, H. and Wang, C.C., (2015)., “Parametric study on thermal performance of microchannel heat sinks with internal vertical Y-shaped bifurcations”, International journal of heat and mass transfer, v. 90, pp.948-958. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j. ijheatmasstransfer. 2015.07.034. Xia, G., Ma, D., Zhai, Y., Li, Y., Liu, R. and Du, M., (2015)., “Experimental and numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in microchannel heat sink with complex structure” Energy Conversion and Management, v. 105, pp.848-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.08.042.

Kuppusamy, N.R., Saidur, R., Ghazali, N.N.N. and Mohammed, H.A., (2014)., “Numerical study of thermal enhancement in micro channel heat sink with secondary flow”, International journal of heat and mass transfer, v. 78, pp.216-223. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.072. Vinodhan, V.L. and Rajan, K.S., (2014)., “Computational analysis of new microchannel heat sink configurations”, Energy Conversion and Management, v. 86, pp.595-604. http:// dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.06.038. Sui, Y., Teo, C.J., Lee, P.S., Chew, Y.T. and Shu, C., (2010)., “Fluid flow and heat transfer in wavy microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 53(13-14), pp.2760-2772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.02.022. Mohammed, H.A., Gunnasegaran, P. and Shuaib, N.H., (2011)., “Numerical simulation of heat transfer enhancement in wavy microchannel heat sink”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 38(1), pp.63-68. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer. 2010.09.012. Deng, D., Wan, W., Tang, Y., Shao, H. and Huang, Y., (2015)., “Experimental and numerical study of thermal enhancement in reentrant copper microchannels”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, v. 91, pp.656-670. https://doi. org/10.1016/ j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.08.025. Lee, Y.J., Lee, P.S. and Chou, S.K., (2012), “Enhanced thermal transport in microchannel using oblique fins”, v. 134(10):101901. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4006843. Fan, Y., Lee, P.S., Jin, L.W. and Chua, B.W., (2013)., “A simulation and experimental study of fluid flow and heat transfer on cylindrical oblique-finned heat sink”, International journal of heat and mass transfer, v. 61, pp.62-72. https://doi. org/10.1016/ j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.01.075. Tullius, J.F., Vajtai, R. and Bayazitoglu, Y., (2011)., “A review of cooling in microchannels, Heat Transfer Engineering, v. 32(7-8), pp.527-541. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01457632.2010.506390. Incropera, F.P., (1999)., “Liquid cooling of electronic devices by single-phase convection”., pp. 262–263. https://lccn.loc. gov/98053676. Gao, Q., Lizarazo-Adarme, J., Paul, B.K. and Haapala, K.R., (2016)., “An economic and environmental assessment model for microchannel device manufacturing: part 1–Methodology”, Journal of cleaner production, v. 120, pp.135-145. https:// doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2015.04.142. Gao, Q., Lizarazo-Adarme, J., Paul, B.K. and Haapala, K.R., (2016)., “An economic and environmental assessment model for microchannel device manufacturing: part 2–Application”, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 120, pp.146-156. https://doi. org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2015.04.141. Bartlett, N.W. and Wood, R.J., (2016)., “Comparative analysis of fabrication methods for achieving rounded microchannels in PDMS”, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, v. 26(11), p.115013. Doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/11/115013

Nicholas. W, Bartlett and Robert. J. Wood., (2016)., “Comparative analysis of fabrication methods for achieving rounded microchannels in PDMS”, 0–10. Doi:10.1088/0960-1317/ 26/11/115013. [98] Wilson, M.A., Recknagle, K. and Brooks, K., (2005)., “Design and development of a low-cost, high temperature silicon carbide micro-channel recuperator”, v. 46997, pp. 1029-1034. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2005-69143. [99] Chrysler, G.M. and Prasher, R., Intel Corp, (2006)., “Integrated micro channels and manifold/plenum using separate silicon or low-cost polycrystalline silicon”, U.S. Patent 6,992,382. [100] Collins, I.L., Weibel, J.A., Pan, L. and Garimella, S.V., (2018)., “Evaluation of additively manufactured microchannel heat sinks. IEEE Transactions on Components”, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, v. 9(3), pp.446-457. https://doi. org/10.1109/TCPMT. 2018. 2866972.

Share and Cite