Algerias rosmarinus officinalis l juniperus phenicea and peel grenadine reactions to shade and solar
Journal of Thermal Engineering 2026, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 1350-1358; doi.org/10.47481/jten.0034
Abstract
Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis l; jeniperus phenicea; grenadine peel; solar drying; shade drying; convective drying
1. Introduction
Since antiquity, people have recognized the ability of plants to alleviate pain. Over the millennia, human societies have evolved their knowledge and use of medicinal plants. Conversely, certain medical treatments appear more realistic and effective, while others appear strange or supernatural. However, all aim to improve human well-being and reduce suffering. [1,2]. As the effectiveness of antibiotics, which are widely regarded as an almost-universal treatment for serious illnesses, declines, herbal therapies are becoming more popular. Drug
resistance in bacteria and viruses has increased due to their progressive adaptation. [1] Rosmarinus officinalis, Juniperus, and grenadine peel, especially its active ingredient, are used to combat bacteria and fungi. The commercial industry places a great value on rosemary and its oil [3]. Herbalists at the community pharmacy sell the therapeutic and fragrant plants together with their oil. The herb is used to treat a variety of common everyday ailments, such as stomachaches, colds, and coughs [4]. Traditional medicine has long recognized the benefits of grenadine in treating fever, diarrhea, and chronic cough. It can also be used to deter worms. Asthma can be
Corresponding Author E-mail Adress: bendehina.hicham@univ-bechar.dz *
Submitted: 17 March 2025; Accepted: 15 July 2025 This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Editor-in-Chief Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç Published by Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
treated with fresh flowers, tenia with root bark, and dysentery with a strong grenadine bark infusion [5,6]. Many methods exist for drying plants. We documented the findings of a previous study, [8] investigated the sequential combination of radiofrequency (RF)waves with low humidity air (LHA)for drying rosemary with the goal of improving product quality. [9-11] Studies have shown that keeping the drying air temperature below 50°C can stop the loss of volatile chemicals. Many studies on drying using electromagnetic radiation, including microwave (MW), infrared (IR), and radiofrequency (RF), have been reported recently. Most of these studies use conventional drying procedures in sequential or combination modes [11-16]. dried pomegranate peels at three drying air temperatures (50°C, 60°C, and 70°C), with a constant air velocity of 2.0 m/s and an initial thickness of 2.8 cm. As drying air temperature increased, drying time decreased [17]. His experiment showed that drying time increased as oven-drying temperature increased. The drying process was mostly carried out in the period of diminishing rates.[18] A thermal drier with variable air temperature and hot air velocity was used to investigate the thin-layer drying characteristics of pomegranate byproducts [19]. We dried three medicinal materials: Phenicia Juniperus, grenade peel, and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Figures 1–6 original source). Three different drying techniques were used: shade, solar, and convective drying. The objective was to determine the optimal approach regarding time, quantity, and quality, and to prepare the raw material to produce a natural product specifically intended to disinfect agricultural products destined for food.
2.1. Preparations and dehydrating methods
A collection of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Juniperus phoenicea, and grenadine peels was gathered from Bechar Province in southwestern Algeria, 80 Km from the Moroccan border and 1150 Km from the capital city of Algeria, as shown in Figure 7 (latitude 31°37’00” north; longitude 2°13’00” west), prior to sunrise. This study aimed to explore various drying techniques for these medicinal herbs. The study employed the following methods.
2.3. Convective drying
Conventional drying, also known as convective hot air drying, is a widely adopted technique in the food and pharmaceutical industry as shown in the following figures 9-11(original source), however, this process can change the structure of the plants, affecting the phytochemicals due to thermal degradation [21]. Figure 7. Geographic map of the study area (google earth, 2024)
2.2. Shade drying
Shade drying uses solar energy to warm the herb and is carried out in the shade to prevent direct sunlight from damaging it, as shown in Figure 8. Using this technique, heated ambient air dries the herbs; the process requires low humidity and adequate ventilation in the drying area. In addition, the method minimizes chemical changes, such as oxidation, in essential oils and other light-sensitive materials. Compared to sun drying, this method of drying has the disadvantage of a long drying time [20].
Figure 8. Shade drying Grenade rosemary and juniper (original source)
Figure 9. Convective dryer CE 130 The air flow was set at 2.5 m3 and the temperature was set at 40 C ͦ
We dried the plants Rosmarinus officinalis L, Juniperus Phenicia, and Grenadine peel in the shade in a room away from direct sunlight, following standard procedures. We measured the temperature 3 times a day: in the morning [23-27.1 °C], in the evening [22.8-25.9 °C], and at night [23.3-25.6 °C]. The plant material was spread on a cloth and weighed daily until the weight stabilized.
2.4. Solar drying
Measuring range: -50C°_+300C ° 58F°_+572F° Memory of last measure, Low battery sensation and display 10 minutes auto shutdown for power saving (option), C° and F° display selectable
Among available renewable energy sources, solar energy is the preferred option due to its inherent characteristics, including abundance, availability, and cleanliness. It can be utilized in two primary ways: through photovoltaic systems for electricity generation and through solar thermal applications [22].
High-resolution weight to monitor the dehydration processes.
In this study, we employed an indirect solar drying system consisting of two main components: a solar collector and a drying chamber (Figure 12). The solar collector, illustrated in Figure 1, has dimensions of 176 cm in length, 90 cm in width, and 10 cm in height. It incorporates a single circulation system and a single glazing layer. The
collector is inclined relative to the horizontal plane to face south, maximizing solar radiation absorption. The materials used in constructing the solar collector—namely Mishler plates, polystyrene, and glass—were readily available in the local market. The drying chamber is designed in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, with dimensions of 81 cm in length, 81 cm in width, and 55 cm in height. The chamber is constructed using Mishler plates and is connected to another rectangular parallelepiped unit, namely the heating chamber, which measures 80 cm in length, 26 cm in width, and 53.5 cm in height. The heating chamber is fabricated from galvanized sheet material. The heating chamber contains a heating unit comprising two resistive heating elements: one rated at 1500 W and the other at 800 W, as shown in Figure 13. To maintain a consistent temperature throughout the drying process, the system ensures controlled operation of these heating elements.
The device was oriented south at an inclination of 31 degrees. Figure 14 represents indirect solar drying Juniperus rosemary and grenade.
Figure 14. Indirect solar drying juniper and rosemary and peel grenade
2.5. Conservation
The plants are stored in a plastic bag sealed tightly until use, as shown in Figure 15 (original source).
2.6. Preparation of aqueous extracts
The extraction method involves the combination and fractionation of plant parts, their immersion in cold water and subsequent boiling, and the maintenance of temperature for 2 hours.
Figure 13. Resistance, drying chamber and fans An additional rectangular parallelepiped constructed from galvanized sheet material. Within the drying chamber, we integrated eight rectangular plastic racks, each measuring 50 cm in length, 30 cm in width, and 4 cm in height. These racks act as support for the drying trays or shelves. Installing a rooftop radiation-monitoring device on our laboratory premises enables the continuous monitoring and quantification of radiation levels. This addition was introduced to improve the accuracy and precision of our ongoing experiments. Using this device, we can efficiently measure and record cumulative radiation exposure, thereby facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of our experimental procedures. This professional enhancement further strengthens the scientific integrity and reliability of our research endeavors.
2.7. The flowchart of the energy balance in the solar
2.7.1. Description of the steps The mathematical model for the energy balance of an indirect solar dryer typically comprises several components that account for the heat transfer mechanisms and energy flows within the system. The following is a concise summary including key formulas and references:
Figure 16. A curve representing how the solar dryer worked overtime in terms of temperature The graph depicts steady-state operation. with the temperature closely aligned with the target value of 40°C. The consistent maintenance of temperature indicates the solar dryer’s ability to provide a controlled and stable environment for the drying process.
2.7.2. The moisture content of the samples was then expressed in a non-dimensional way using equation (1)[24]
The graph demonstrates a steady state of operation, with the temperature remaining within a proximity to the
target value of 40°C throughout the monitored duration. Consistent temperature maintenance is a significant indicator of the dryer’s ability to provide a stable, controlled environment for the drying process.
Where: MR is the dimensionless moisture content X(t) is the moisture content after a drying time (t) (kg water/kg dry matter, d.m.), X0 is the initial moisture content of the samples (kg water/kg d.m.). Xeq (kg water/kg d.m.) is the equilibrium moisture content.
2.7.3. The drying rate (Dr)of leaves was calculated using the following equation (2) [25] DR =
2.7.4. The extraction yield (Re) was calculated according to Equation (3) ML Re = M.100
17/12/2022 drying of peel grenade: The graph shows the temporal variation of total solar radiation on the day of the solar drying experiments, as shown in Figure 17(original source).. The data depicted in the graph show gradients that may indicate minor cloud cover or obstructions, such as a bird partially blocking the radiation reaching the solar collector. The collector was installed on the exterior surface of the ENERGARID laboratory.This graph provides valuable insights into the fluctuations in solar radiation throughout the day, which can directly affect the performance of solar drying systems. Factors such as cloud cover or shading can influence the amount of solar energy available for the drying process. By analyzing these variations, researchers can better understand the external factors influencing solar-drying efficiency and make necessary adjustments to optimize system performance.
3. Result and discussion
Figure 17. The curve represents how the total irradiance of out Solar radiation is one of the most important environmental 17/12/2022 drying of peel grenade. The graph illustrates the operational performance of a solar dryer under specific operating conditions, focusing on temperature control. During the monitoring period, the solar dryer consistently maintained a temperature of approximately 40 °C, as indicated by the inlet and outlet air temperatures at the thermal collector (Figure 16) (original source)..
Drying of rosemary and juniper on 07/02/2023, as shown in Figure 18(original source). The graph shows the temporal variation in total solar radiation on the day of the solar-drying experiments. The data depicted in the graph includes observed gradients, which may indicate minor cloud cover or obstructions caused by factors such as a bird blocking a portion of the radiation reaching the solar
3.1. Electric consummation
Figure 18. The curve represents how the total irradiance of out Solar radiation is one of the most important environmental 07/02/2023 drying of rosemary and juniper collector. It should be noted that the collector was installed at the surface of the ENERGARID laboratory.
The solar dryer consumed 19.8KWH to dry pomegranates, 21.37KWH to dry Juniperus, and 20.46KWH to dry rosemary. This electrical power was used to maintain the temperature at °40C during the dehydration process. Record the temperature and store the results. Figures 19–22 (original source) drying curves for juniper, rosemary, and pomegranate.
3.2. Juniperus
This graph provides valuable insights into the fluctuations of solar radiation throughout the day, which can have a direct impact on the performance of solar drying systems. Factors such as cloud cover or shading can influence the amount of solar energy available for the drying process. By analyzing these variations, researchers can better understand the external factors affecting solar drying efficiency and make necessary adjustments to optimize the system’s performance. Table 1-3(original source). represents result of natural convective and indirect solar drying of juniper rosemary and grenade. Table 1. Juniper
Figure 19. The following curve represents the result of drying solar and drying convective of juniper Convective drying time is 23 hours with a dry mass of 325.8 Gr On the other hand; solar drying gave a dry mass of 402Gr: in time one can long to 25 hours. As for the natural drying (in the shade) to give a mass of 358.5 Gr; but the disadvantage in this type of drying and the long time required to have the sewing (16Day). Its advantage in our case is that this type of drying retains product properties better than other drying modes.
3.5. Natural drying grenade, juniper and rosemary
Figure 20. The following curve represents the result of drying solar and drying convective of rosemary
Figure 22. The following curve represents the result of drying natural of rosemary and grenadine peel and juniper
Convective drying time is 23 hours with a dry mass of 208.75 Gr On the other hand; the solar drying has given a dry mass of 154 Gr: in time one can long to 25 hours. As for the natural drying (in the shade) given a mass of 167 Gr; but the disadvantage in this type of drying and the long time required to have the sewing (16 Days). Its advantage in our case is that this type of drying retains more of the properties of the product than other drying modes.
Juniper: Natural drying (in the shade) yielded a mass of 358.5 Gr; however, the disadvantage of this drying method is the long time required for drying (16 Days).
3.4. Grenade
Grenade As for the natural drying (in the shade) to give a mass of 195 GR; but the disadvantage in this type of drying and the long time required to have the sewing (10 Days).
Rosemary: As for the natural drying (in the shade), it gave a mass of 167 Gr; the disadvantage of this type of drying is the long time required to have the sewing (16 Days).
The table presents a comparison of the dry mass results from natural drying, forced convective drying, and indirect solar drying of juniper, rosemary, and pomegranate plants (original source). Table 4. Dry Mass
Figure 21. The following curve represents the result of drying solar and drying convective of grenadine Convective drying time is 26 hours with a dry mass of 161.3Gr on the other hand, solar drying gave a dry mass of 208.6Gr; in time one can long to 24 hours. As for the natural drying (in the shade) to give a mass of 195 Gr; but the disadvantage in this type of drying and the long time required to have the sewing(10 Days). Its advantage in our case but this type of drying retains more the properties of the product than other drying modes.
Table 5 (original source) represents the order of drying efficiency. Table 5. The order of drying efficiency
Table 6 (original source) represents the order of drying time and preservation of property Table 6. The order of drying time and preservation of property
3.6. Preparation for disinfectants
We prepared three disinfectants from the extracts, as shown in Figure 23 (original source).
5.Indirect solar drying yielded the best moisture removal results for rosemary, whereas forced-convection drying was optimal for pomegranate peels and Phoenician juniper leaves.
6. Nine extracts were obtained, three from each plant, using each
drying method. 7.Three types of natural disinfectants were produced each drying method involved mixing extracts from the three plants to create a natural disinfectant. 8.This natural disinfectant has demonstrated efficacy against bacteria and fungi.
1. In this paper, we propose studying the effectiveness of this natural
disinfectant on agricultural food products to determine how long it can protect them from bacterial and fungal contamination.
4. Conclusion
The originality of our approach lies in the systematic resort to experimentation. For the process of drying rosemary, juniper, and pomegranate peels in a thin layer using
Indirect solar dryer with forced convective heat and natural shade drying. Because the drying process is both difficult and important, we conducted this study.
1.A comparative study on the drying of three plants: rosemary, juniper, and pomegranate peels using three drying methods.
2.The drying procedure for each operation was monitored by measuring humidity, temperature, hot-air flow, and plant mass. Specifically, for the indirect solar dryer, total solar radiation and the dryer’s operation were monitored using temperature and humidity sensors, and the weight of the plants was measured.
3.This tracking yielded a set of drying curves that reveal the drying-air thermal parameters (humidity and temperature) with the greatest impact on the product-drying process. 4.Since the drying time is similar between the indirect solar dryer and the convective dryer.
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Thin-Layer Drying From Wastes Pomegranate
PEEL (MISR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING) (2020). DOI: 10.21608/mjae.2020.42217.1008 GhasemiPirbalouti, A.; Mahdad, E.; Craker, L. Effects of drying methods on the qualitative and quantitative properties of the essential oil of two breeds of basil. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 2440–2449. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
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- This tracking yielded a set of drying curves that reveal the dry- wave based sequential drying of Rosmarinus officinalis ing-air thermal parameters (humidity and temperature) with the for improvement of quality Industrial Crops & Products greatest impact on the product-drying process. (2021)162(2021)113303
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- Gomaa G. Abd El-Wahhab1&* and Elwan A. Darwish2, THIN-LAYER DRYING FROM WASTES POMEGRANATE PEEL (MISR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER- ING) (2020). DOI: 10.21608/mjae.2020.42217.1008
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Bendehina, H.; Abdenbi, A.; Dennai, B. Algerias rosmarinus officinalis l juniperus phenicea and peel grenadine reactions to shade and solar. Journal of Thermal Engineering 2026, Vol. 12, pp. 1350-1358. https://doi.org/10.47481/jten.0034