E-government services on foundation immovable properties

Abstract

Keywords: Management; foundation; land; properties; WEB-GIS.

1. Introduction

In our age, information and communication technologies are increasingly used by all nations worldwide in almost every area. Similarly, while initiating almost all professional infrastructure work, information system based utilization is planned. Particularly with widespread use of the internet, web-based information systems were adopted and the users were provided with access to the desired information [1; 2; 3]. Today, the Internet has become an important part of technology. Because by the courtesy of web services, any type of communication is rendered possible. With tiny system requirements, all data and maps are a click away from users. Now users use the Internet in conjunction with Geographical Information System (GIS) in query and analysis processes while accessing information [4; 5]. People use GIS to analyze, inquire, visualize and present this worldwide data [6]. This use began in Turkey especially in the 1990s and still continues today [7]. Today, Institutions under the authority of Governments have gotten further away from bureaucratic operations like ‘stovepipes’, and streamline their functions according to the needs of their people. At the same time, governments have started to strive to accelerate their internal effectiveness – the costs and quality of governance. Information Technology (IT) plays an important role in this modernization for these governments. IT offers endless possibilities for accelerating the internal operational and support functions within the realm of government [8]. By both Cadastre–2014 and INSPIRE, emphasis was placed on homogeneity of data, which are infrastructure of systems, inter-agency integration, interoperability, required data in addition to property -based e-government applications and the requirement for spatial information systems [9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. Spatial data needs of today's applications or projects can only be met with effective cooperation between different institutions or parties. Co-operation between different institutions or parties can only be achieved by Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) incorporating these parties [14; 15; 16]. As known, there was a CAD-based cadastral application software package used in cadastre offices by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (GDLRC; TKGM in Turkish). This application is not web-based [17]. However, a web-based application independent from any drawing program is required to share cadastral parcels in this software with other organizations. This requirement of the public institutions is met by GDLRC by a web-based application, whose compliance with the standards specified in Interoperability Guidelines generated by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and the Spatial Property System (SPO; MEGSIS in Turkish) Information Society Department was tested by open source and commercial products[18]. GIS and web-based GIS applications related to SDI and information technology are used not only for land registry and cadastral data but also for various jobs in different sciences and projects, for example, development of integrated water resource information management system in arid regions, [19].The importance of SDIs was understood well enough worldwide so there are a large number of national and international projects in this field. An example of these projects is INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) project, proposed for setting up information infrastructure across Europe [20;15]. Cadastral parcel information was considered by INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) initiative as one of the basic data required for setting up Spatial Data Infrastructure(SDI). Under INSPIRE, a parcel is the smallest basic spatial element of a land surface that can be obtained in European countries. It is the key element of formalization of ownership as well as land management, and emerges as an essential component in setting up SDI in Spatial Information Management, typically in the international arena[21; 22; 23; 24]. Another important matter which

should not be overlooked here is to ensure that National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is available for all these systems[25; 26; 10]. When we look at NSDI carefully, it is actually an electronic structure, which also makes clear to what extent the statement “NSDI is a part of e-Turkey” is correct. What is meant by e-structures is a cultural transformation from traditional structures to electronic structures in every sense, rather than only rendering processes electronic [4; 15]. INSPIRE comes up with general rules for an infrastructure of SI (Spatial Information) in Europe to support both environmental rules and policies. EU Member States established and elaborated INSPIRE based upon infrastructures for SI. Therefore, INSPIRE implementations depends directly on the awareness of these governments, not only at national and regional but also at local levels. But now, as known, their particular e-services have been developed [27]. Moreover, most European countries have means for e-government and how to use internet as a communication tool to interact with their people. The EU INSPIRE directive puts forward a new framework for both cooperation and exchange of information as a ground for environment management and planning [28]. In this context, in some countries and in Turkey, e-government policies were introduced. The objective of such policies was that services to be offered by the state to its citizens will be carried out over the internet through e-government over time [29; 30; 313; 32; 33]. To do this, almost all institutions of the state speeded up studies on information systems in accordance with the e-government policies [34; 35]. Land Registry and Cadastre Information System (LRCIS; TAKBİS in Turkish), which is the most important pillar of location-based information systems, is a major project, which began in the 1990s [36]. LRCIS was completed in all units on the basis of Title Deed Registry Offices and is run in certain provinces and regions based on Cadastre Offices. In cadastre pillar of the system, problems stemming from cadastre bases cause delays in full operability of the system across Turkey. LRCIS will be the basis of all spatial-based information systems [11]. In this respect, LRCIS is vital for the operation of spatial information systems within the scope of egovernment [17;11]. Considering that all parcels subject to registration across Turkey will be included in the system under LRCIS, the extent of the work becomes clearer [37; 38]. Moreover, from the perspective of the determination of the standard of data which will be presented in geographic data infrastructure, an action developed by Directorate General of Geographic Information Systems(GDGIS; Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Genel Müdürlüğü in Turkish) was put into practice in some pilot provinces. It is known that the final phase of the project has been started to achieve in the near future the target that GDGIS makes geographic layers produced by the institutions available to third users by a WEBGIS interface, called ATLAS, in accordance with these standards [39] With regard to the above-mentioned issues, foundations can be evaluated as follows in terms of scope and content of e-government in the Ninth and Tenth Development Plans. The concept of foundation from the past to the present is included within both legal and technical infrastructure requirements so in order to overcome this situation, the current legislation, which is disorderly and almost obsolote, was re-addressed and organized following a careful study, before legislative efforts were finalized and new laws and regulations were put into effect. Thus, faster and more effective management of foundation properties as well as in situ decision-making were enabled by changes and modifications made in corporate structure, powers and responsibilities of the foundations. During the studies carried out to renew the legislation, the main operations of the foundation, which constitute the foundation’s purpose of existence, rapidly proceeded. On the one hand, all foundation artworks, particularly old ones that became ruined because of lack of maintenance throughout Turkey, were repaired, and work was started to optimally evaluate foundation properties used as investment tools [40; 41; 42].

An article must be useful and understandable for anyone to whom the subject of the article may concern. So, some information about Turkish land system and e-government for foundation properties is given below. EVOS (Entegre Vakıf Otomasyon Sistemi in Turkish): An e-government application, by which web-based verbal data is currently managed as a result of efforts to establish a foundation information system, which was started in 2006. In this application, it is possible to work in conjunction with MERNİS and TAKBİS, which are other e -government applications [12]. VAKBİS (Vakıf Kütük Bilgi Sistemi in Turkish): An e-government application module by which foundation registry information of foundation properties registered in EVOS are blended with title deed details retrieved from LRCIS [12]. MERNİS (Merkezî Nüfus İdare Sistemi in Turkish): MERNIS project is a project that transfers all civil status details into electronic medium and enables instant updating and sharing through a safe network of any change in civil status details from 957 centers scattered across Turkey [43]. TAKBİS (Tapu ve Kadastro Bilgi Sistemi in Turkish): One of the most basic egovernment applications that aim to ensure that ownership information is computerized and any type of query can be made across Turkey. Its objective is to ensure that Title Deed and Cadastre records across Turkey are computerized and all activities are carried out through computer system so private as well as public properties are effectively monitored and checked [44]. KVK (Kadastral Veri Konsolidasyonu in Turkish): Cadastral data Consolidation (KVK) is available as an open source WEB GIS application that provides collection, query and management in a single system of all cadastral parcels in Turkey. About 50 million parcel data is presented via the web interface and used in activities within TKGM. Through the software, cadastral data in various formats in scattered locations are combined in a single system [44]. VAKIFBANK: The bank with which the GDF works on monetary issues. Business and transactions of all foundation lessees covered by EVOS are carried out through this bank. NOTARY PUBLIC: A person authorized by the state to issue and certify contracts, instruments and other documentation directly in accordance with law, and retain their true copies [45]. Notaries are people who ensure that any contract executed by and between the GDF and third parties are prepared, signed and recorded. LİHKAB (Lisanslı Harita Kadastro Mühendislik Bürosu in Turkish): The Licensed Surveying Engineer and Bureau (LSEB; LIHKAB in Turkish ): Some technical cadastre works, which used to be conducted by Cadastre Offices of GDLRC and private surveying engineering bureaus under the control of cadastre office, are now undertaken by LSEBs based on law 5368, which entered into force in 2005. Such technical works have been implemented by LSEB under the control of Cadastre Offices of GDLRC [46].

02. Akçaabat

Smaller file No 000 (none) Properties divided into multiple files in terms of leasing are numbered by starting from 001

an example as display of title deed from İskenderpaşa Mosque

an example as display of zoning plan Hagia Sophia in Trabzon

an example as display of cadastre base map Hagia Sophia in Trabzon

Figure 2. Images transferred to the system by WEB-GIS application

As mentioned above, the use of Infoanalystpro, the CAD-based drawing program, was abandoned in 2011 so the data in web-based Taking Inventory of Foundation Properties and Foundations Information System project were retrieved from this system and transferred to Integrated Foundation Automation System (EVOS), which is more effective and allows management of all work carried out by the institution, and in which separate modules are considered for all work units. Similarly, it is known that the General Directorate of Agricultural Reform (TRGM in Turkish) assigned a code number to each parcel in a parcel-based Web GIS software [47]. Considering the case of both GDF and TRGM, it is a very sensible thing to assign a number to each parcel, the smallest building block of geographical data managed by each institution. However, from the perspective of e-government, it would also be possible to say that it will make much more sense if each parcel has one number or code. Although e-government stakeholders have yet to suggest what this will be, scientific circles revealed that it would be very appropriate to assign a Geocode to each parcel in terms of the computer operation of e-government as well as data sharing [48; 49].

3. Discussion

CAD-based Infoanalystpro and web-based applications based on properties operated within the GDF were examined in this study. At the end of the examination, it was determined that programs were developed and applied only in the GDF, and that no study was undertaken to identify which data to use in development of any program and its operation with other egovernment applications. Especially Infoanalystpro program operates within itself and it was not developed in conjunction with headquarters and provincial organization of the institution so this program could not be effectively used by the institution employees and thus partly served its intended purposes. This non user-friendly program causes a number of problems during its operation and constantly gives errors of the same type (syntax error), and during interviews with those involved in writing of the program, it was stated that no solution could be found to the problems. For these reasons, the use of this program which allows spatial queries was abandoned and only web -based systematization of verbal data was continued. Particularly the program called EVOS is upgradeable and can be improved in line with users’ opinions so it was observed that the program is making an advance every day and facilitates the work which the institution conducts as paperwork. Besides, considering monitoring of competency of the system; its operability in conjunction with other public institutions and organizations under the umbrella of e-government should be investigated. Systems that will serve this purpose should be designed. In other words, associating transactions, including people-property-tax liability-bank loan with people or objects such as properties or associating them with each other by taking into account the workflow schemes of all public institutions and organizations within e-government structure should not be disregarded. Here, the GDF should clearly define its role in NSDI and e-government, and address the question “Which data from which public institutions and organizations should be used for integration?”. E-government applications conducted by the GDF are known to be effective in performing the work conducted by the institution in its own cycle (see figure 4) and facilitate the institution’s operations by keeping them under control. However, when they are considered under the umbrella of information systems, problems including recurrent entry of data, coordination

between systems, running systems within themselves in the form of a closed circuit should also be discussed.

Figure 4. Relation between EVOS and others At this point, it is of great importance for the entire e-government to design and sustain upgradeable e-government systems established by the GDF so that they allow exchange of data with other systems seen in figure 5.

Figure 5. GDF web service under the umbrella of e-government: EVOS

It should also be highlighted that the system, which was completed in order to ensure that the applications developed under e-government within General Directorate of Foundations are conducted in a computer-aided environment, operates and brings great convenience by digitally processing and recording the transactions, which used to be processed and recorded in analog environment.

4. Conclusions And Suggestions

As a result, the aim is to ensure feasibility of conducting all property-based work conducted by the foundations in conjunction with public institutions and organizations under the umbrella of EVOS, which was designed by the foundations as part of the whole e-government. Thus, it will be possible to operate the system in an integrated manner as in the following form. In the following depiction, although EVOS is in a position where it retrieves data from most of the systems, bank systems carry out collections using data they retrieve from EVOS. Therefore, EVOS gives the impression of a system that provides data as well as uses available data in itself. These studies show that a marked improvement was made with EVOS in performing one’s own work flows by web services, although it is a closed system from the standpoint of GDF. It is possible to draw the following conclusions from the study.  The umbrella of EVOS, a GDF e-government application, was established to a large extent in accordance with e-government policy.  Especially providing links with VAKIFBANK, LRCIS (title deed section) and MERNIS have a major role in operating principle of EVOS.  VTYS, one of EVOS modules, can be said to be operating well regarding provision of leasable property details, lessee details as well as rental data.  Hence details of about 50,000 lessees in about 80,000 foundation properties can be managed and checked online through VTYS module, which plays a major role in the efficient management of the institution.  The groups, which were created for remedy of a number of software-related logical errors and problems in EVOS, immediately detect problems as well as suggest solutions. Thus, detection of the problem and development of the solution are almost carried out simultaneously.  It is known that in EVOS, certain data are provided by analog input of data during their transfer to the system due to the failure to fully install e-government.  If all pillars of e-government are operated functionally, EVOS will be an information system in the strictest sense.  Failure to access to spatial data of foundation properties by e-government is a problem. However, it is not deemed possible for GDF to solve this problem within itself due to the current problems arising from cadastre and development rights.  Therefore, it is also necessary to immediately provide access to spatial data on the basis of cadastral parcels within KVK conducted by TKGM.  However, a KVK type of solution approach should also be developed on this matter because there is no study which is currently conducted on zoning data across Turkey.  As a result, EVOS, an e-government application in GDF, was developed to a large extent in accordance with e-government perspective. The system is improved every day. However, GDF cannot satisfactorily operate the system on its own in the strictest sense.  Because other e-government stakeholders should also position their data in the egovernment system (see figure 6).  Thus, it is considered that e-government can be built up as a whole.

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