Sustainable cities need smart transportation the industry 40 transportation matrix

Abstract

Keywords: Industry 4.0; matrix; technology; transportatation sector.

1. Introduction

Transport is an essential part of the globalized world economy. The industry is challenged by environmental impact, market conditions and the investment in infrastructure. Governments and businesses are facing continually legal, regulatory, security and technological challenges, all of them driving continuous innovation into the transportation sector. Intelligent transport systems are revolutionizing the transportation industry, offering excellent prospects for improvements in safety, environmental outcomes and effectiveness, and efficiency. Governments are challenged to keep up with the pace of technological changes and have to make sure that new technologies might be used and new business models adopted. Governments are key players in realizing benefits from emerging technologies, serving as well as an investor, regulator as well as a facilitator. Globally, transport is undergoing substantial changes in technology and user behavior. The transport sector in Turkey is expanding rapidly, in parallel with the country's high economic and population growth; with a significant amount of the total annual government budget dedicated to transporting infrastructure. Turkey, especially Istanbul, has to focus on a variety of *

Corresponding Author: e-mail: bigit.oberer@gmail.com, tel: +436644413686 359

A. Erkollar, B. Oberer / Sigma J Eng & Nat Sci 9 (4), 359-370, 2018

transportation types, which are air transport, rail transport, road transport, inland waterway transport and maritime transport. Each organization in the transportation sector has to consider security and safety of its passengers, employees, physical assets and facilities. The following challenges have to be considered: increasing variety of threats (such as hostage situations, terrorism and hijacking, and weather-related emergencies), outdated (sub) systems (some of them stand alone (security) systems, like access control and video surveillance, which are not able to communicate with each other or security employees), reactive response (without a cohesive command and control platform officials are forced to react to incidents rather than reaching an awareness level, where officials can provide proactive response to environmental changes instead of reactive incident management). How might these obstacles be overcome? On the one hand technology platforms such as situation management systems, video management and analytics might help to overcome some of these barriers; on the contrary, there is a need for a comprehensive framework to address all areas of interest for the transportation sector (types of transport and transport infrastructure). This framework might be Industry 4.0; which could, with its concepts, technologies, and strategies, support the sustainable development of the transportation sector.

2. Literature Review

Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial (r)evolution, focuses on interconnected systems for smart production and service provision to develop smart and connected systems with the Internet of Things concept and cyber-physical systems as a technological foundation [1]-[2]. Industry 4.0 depends on some technological developments. One of them is information and communication technologies, which are used to digitize information and integrate systems at all stages of service provision. They have an organization internal and a cross-organizational approach, to monitor and control the physical processes and systems as well as support human workers by using robots, intelligent tools, and augmented reality [1]-[3]-[4]-[5]. Industry 4.0 depends on several design principles: decentralization (cyber-physical systems can make decisions on their own), virtualization (linking sensor data with plant models and simulation ones), interoperability (the ability of cyber-physical systems, smart factories, and humans to connect and communicate with each other via the Internet of Things), real-time capability, modularity (flexible adaptation to changing requirements), and service orientation [6]-[7]-[8]-[9]-[10]. The term ‘cyber-physical system’ stands for the integration of computation, networking, and physical processes. According to the Industry 4.0 paradigm, all objects of the services provision world are equipped with integrated processing and communication capabilities [11]. These objects are machines, robots, devices, applications, services, tools, systems, products, people, etc. The next generation of the internet is named as ‘The Internet of Things (IoT)’. It is referred to as a global system (interconnected computer networks, sensors, actuators, and devices) potentially connecting all physical objects via the internet [12]. Thus, Industry 4.0 and IoT describe a paradigm shift in production and service provision technology [13]. However, these concepts are not only boosting productivity. They are turning economics, creating big investments, fostering industrial growth and also revenue growth, modifying the profile of the workforce by increasing employment with competencies in software development and IT technologies [14]. Furthermore, they are changing supply chains, business models and business processes and innovation opportunities significantly [15]. One buzzword of Industry 4.0 is ‘Digitization’, the continuing convergence of the real and the virtual world is one of the primary drivers of innovation and change in all sectors. The new wave of innovation is driven by the Internet of Things, Data, and Services, which is an ‘Internet of everything’, where subjects and objects alike can communicate in real time with each other [3].

3. Industry 4.0 And The Transportation Sector

Smart City: For the transportation sector, to benefit from technological and business-related innovations, the concepts of Industry 4.0 and the smart city might be considered together. 360

According to [17], a Smart City brings together technology, government, and society under six dimensions, which are smart economy, smart environment, smart mobility, smart people, smart living, and smart governance. Technologies associated with Smart Cities are numerous, such as Intelligent lighting, smart building control, facial recognition, transportation sensors, intelligent buildings and integrated transportation. The primary purpose of the smart city concept is ensuring the sustainability of cities, improving a quality of life and safety of citizens. Furthermore, it is an objective to provide maximum energy efficiency, in the critical areas economy, environment, mobility, people, living, and governance, with the contribution of the latest technologies [18]. The transformation of cities into smart cities is a series of change processes. There is a need for rethinking how cities, citizens, and businesses work together. The Industry 4.0 framework underlying concepts are nonmotorized systems, smart city, and Internet of Things. Core capabilities of such a framework are data and analytics, focusing on digitization and integration of horizontal and vertical value chains, digitization of product and service offerings, as well as digital business models and customer access. Contributing digital technologies within such a framework are mobile devices, Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, location detection technologies, advanced human-machine interfaces, authentication and fraud detection, smart sensors, big data analytics and advanced algorithms, multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling, cloud computing and augmented reality [16]. Mobile devices are tablets, smartphones, e-Readers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) or portable music players with smart functions. An IoT platform is a mediator between hardware and application layers and is capable of being integrated with connected devices and blend in with the applications used by the devices. This independence from underlying hardware and overhanging software allows a single IoT platform to implement IoT features into any connected device in the same straightforward way. Location detection technologies, such as the global positioning system (GPS), are included as a standard feature in many new mobile telephones. These technologies can provide real-time information about the location of devices, and hence the location of users of the devices. The types of devices that can be located include mobile telephones, laptop computers, PDAs, and gaming consoles [19]. Some integrated systems have been designed for situations where a human needs to be considered as a relevant part of the system. In such cases, the humanmachine interface is a critical component of the system. Such systems produce much more data than a human can digest in a time-critical situation. The interface has to present data in a form easily understandable by the human and to provide an easy means of interacting with the system [21]-[22]. Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, who or what it is declared to be; credentials provided are compared to those on file in a database of authorized users’ information on a local operating system or to an authentication server. Fraud detection is a topic applicable to many industries including government agencies, law enforcement, financial sector, and banking. Data mining helps to anticipate and quickly detect fraud and take immediate action to minimize costs [24]. Smart sensors are devices that takes input from a physical environment, use built-in compute resources to perform predefined functions upon detection of particular input, and process data before passing it on. They record data, control system operations, and communicate over networks. Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets to uncover hidden patterns, preferences, trends, unknown correlations, and other information that might help organizations to make improved business decisions [23]. Interlinking of real (physical) and virtual world will lead to cyber-physical systems that determine Industry 4.0 solutions. Robotics, automation equipment combined with advanced algorithms and machine learning, result in self-learning robots. RFID and automation equipment, coupled with advanced data analytics and cloud computing, resulting in selfreconfiguring machines. Camera and imaging systems, traditional sensors and virtual ones, combined with real-time image processing, advanced data analytics, and advanced algorithms, result in smart environment recognition. Augmented reality (AR) is a technology in which the view of the elements in a physical, real-world environment is augmented by computer-generated sensory input. AR is technology which combines virtual reality with real world [27]-[28]-[29] 361

A. Erkollar, B. Oberer / Sigma J Eng & Nat Sci 9 (4), 359-370, 2018

Internet of X: The primary objective in developing applications for the Internet of Things is to integrate technology into everyday lives. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical products embedded with sensors, software, electronics, and network connectivity, enabling a data collection and data exchange for objects. The Internet of Things concept offers advanced connectivity of devices; each device is connecting to the internet is expected to have a set of smart services, which are called Internet of Services (IoS). IoT technologies enabled with IoS can be used to create the Internet of People (IoP). This could be seen as a CPS, with enhanced peoplecentered applications. Services and processes are going to be created and optimized according to people feedback. Internet of Energy (IoE) is an integrated dynamic network infrastructure, which connects energy networks with the internet. It can help to achieve energy savings via remote monitoring, and actual energy demand can be estimated collecting data from IoT, IoS and IoP [16]-[30]. Smart Transportation and Internet of People (IoP): The transportation sector changes rapidly since it can no longer be seen as only ‘moving individuals and goods from one place to the other.' Transportation has to be understood as a sum of services offered to citizens, companies, organizations and transportation network objects. The smart city concept focuses on minimizing travel times. Smart urban planning and other aspects of smart cities shall focus on accessibility instead of only mobility. When looking at transportation, attention has to be paid to sharing vehicles and infrastructures, minimizing resource storage, service orientation and a focus on accessibility instead of only mobility. Internet of Things technologies needs people-centered enhancements. IoP should be based on the following principles [16]: Interactions where people, things, and devices are interacting have to be SOCIAL. IoP should support heterogeneity by supporting different types of devices people might use and let them interact. Devices need to be context-aware and have to adapt automatically to social behavior of other devices. Interactions between people have to be PERSONALIZED to sociological contexts and profiles. The triggering of interactions must be PROACTIVE, not manually commanded by users. And finally, interactions must be PREDICTABLE; they should be triggered according to a predictable context, predefined by users matching predefined behavior patterns. IoP Transportation Scenarios: Figure 1 shows a possible transportation scenario of the future, with the Internet of People (IoP) approach as a key idea. Nowadays, it is not enough to sell personal transportation, and people want a driving experience which is personalized and keeps them connected to everything which is important for them, such as information, friends, maps, music, schedules. Toyota, e.g., has joined forces with salesforce.com to allow electric devices and plug-in hybrids to communicate with the driver through social networking tools. How to get to the level of ‘automated driving’? Vehicle communication has to be combined into a single platform, connectivity standards have to progress, security topics have to be addressed and privacy issues solved.

A DAY In The LIFE Of Peter

Peter is manager in a telecommunication company Peter lives in a residential suburb of Brussels Where does Peter live? Like every day he is driving his daughther to What does Peter do today? kindergarten before he goes to work Yes Does he have a smartphone? It learned where Peter lives What did his smartphone ‘learn’ so far? significant learned where he works It knows the route he usually takes in the morning It knows when he normally leaves home in the morning It reports information routinely from (5) to the What does the smartphone regularly do? local transportation control systems Peter decided to contribute anonymously to a Why does Peter allow the smartphone to project of his home city focusing on the share frequently information? simulation and prevision of potential traffic problems No, he doesn’t. His smartphone already Does Peter always have to interact with his learned where he is going in the morning. smartphone? How can the , check if he is going to work or The be divided checks that route and speed are as usual. not? Today, a traffic accident occurred. Peter is stuck in a jam. Yes, the smart phone detects an abnormally Any reaction by his smart phone? low speed at a certain point. It asks the daughter of people nearby whether What does his smart phone do? they’re stuck, too If confirmed by the other phones as well, What comes then? Peter’s smart phone sends an alert of a possible incident to the transportation control system. They are reporting the same possible incident What are other smartphones do? Since several smart phone reported the same, The reaction of the transportation control a traffic alert is raised, and vehicle-based of system? people usually taking the same route are informed, and alternative routes suggested. His smart phone receives the information on Peter? the alternative route and on the expected arrival time. The smart phone reports to a new route to the What comes then? car’s navigation system, which immediately informs Peter how to get out of the jam. It knows Peter is late, so it notifies his office Anything to do with the smart phone? on the delay and the expected arrival time. On a whole, Peter arrives only 10 minutes late at work Peter is happy that he could contribute to the transportation control alert system and remembers the days were smart phones were only used to talk, reading emails or surfing the internet while waiting in a jam.

4. Industry 4.0 Transportation Matrix

From the six dimensions of the Smart city concept, smart mobility is the one, mainly relevant for the transportation sector. Smart mobility counts on connectivity and the availability of 363

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information and communication technologies (ICT). Indicators for smart mobility are efficient road accessibility, efficient public transportation, nonmotorized accessibility and the availability of an ICT infrastructure. Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are computer-based facilities, systems, and equipment used to monitor and/ remotely or control critical/sensitive processes and physical functions. These systems collect operational data from field locations, they process and display information, and then relay control commands to local or remote equipment or human-machine interfaces (operators) [25]-[26]. The I4.0 matrix, introduced in Table 2 focuses on a categorization of the transportation sector, transportation modes, as well as on types of control systems used in the transportation landscape. Then essential Industry 4.0 related concepts and systems, explained in the previous sections, are categorized, followed by a summary of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), including technologies, taxonomy, components and in-vehicle system solutions. Table 2. Industry 4.0 Transportation Matrix

Transportation Systems Sector Sub-Sectors

Aviation Highway and Pipeline Maritime Transportation System Motor Carrier Systems Mass Transit and Passenger Rail Freight Rail Postal and Shipping

Transportation Modes

The Aviation Mode is composed of aircraft, air traffic control systems, Commercial Aviation Mode airports, and public airfields. Included in this mode are civil and joint use military airports, heliports, short takeoff and landing airports, and seaplane bases. Highways, roadways, intermodal connectors and associated infrastructure. This network of Highway Mode roadways provides access to various vehicles, including automobiles, school buses, motorcycles, and all types of trucks, and trailers. The Maritime Mode includes a range of watercraft and vessels and can be divided into Maritime Mode two sectors: vessels and ports. Pipeline Mode

The Pipeline Mode includes pipeline networks. This mode includes city gate stations, distribution networks, and terminals that transport and distribute natural gas and about hazardous liquids, in addition to other chemicals. The Surface Transportation Mode consists of freight rail and passenger rail (also referred to as public or mass transit).

Control Systems In The Transportation Landscape

supervisory SCADA systems are distributed systems used to control geographically dispersed assets, control and data where centralized data acquisition and monitoring are critical to system operation. acquisition (SCADA) systems Distributed DCSs are integrated as a control architecture containing a supervisory level of control control systems overseeing multiple, integrated sub-systems that are responsible for managing the details (DCSs) of a localized process. Programmable PLCs are computer processor-based solid-state devices that control industrial equipment logic controllers and processes. PLCs are used in transportation to control operational activities associated (PLCs) with systems and equipment such as airport baggage systems; air conditioning, heating, and ventilation general purpose GPCs are industrial computers that control and meter vehicular flow in freeways and controllers arterials. They typically operate in standalone, direct, and distributed mode. (GPCs) Control Loop Human-Machine Remote Diagnostics and Key ICS Interface (HMI) Maintenance Utilities components INDUSTRY 4.0 RELATED CONCEPTS AND SYSTEMS Cyber-Physical Smart City Internet of Things (IoT) Industry 4.0 Systems underlying concepts Location Detection IoT platform Advanced Human-Machine Interfaces Digital Technologies Technologies Authentication and Smart Sensors Big Data Analytics Fraud Detection

Smart City/smart Mobility principles Indicators for Smart Mobility Internet of X

Multilevel Customer Interaction and Customer Profiling Connectivity

Availability of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Efficient Road Efficient Public Non-Motorized Accessibility Accessibility Transportation Internet of Inter Internet of Energy (IoE) Internet of People (IoP) Things net of (IoT) Servi ces (IoS) Social Personalized Predicti Proactive Smart Transportation ve and IoP INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS) An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is a technology, application or platform, which improves the quality of transportation. ITS is the application of analysing, sensing, control and communications technologies to ground transportation to improve safety, mobility and efficiency. ITS includes a broad range of applications that process and share information to improve traffic management, ease congestion, minimize environmental impact and increase the benefits of transportation to commercial users and the public in general. ITS are part of Internet of Things.

ITS Positioning

Vehicle level Technologies deployed within vehicles, including sensors, information processors, and displays Infrastructure Sensors on and by the side of roads collecting traffic data (roadside messages, GPS alerts, level and signals to traffic flow). Cooperative Communication between vehicles, and between infrastructure and vehicles. level

ITS Taxonomy

Advanced Integrated several sub-systems, such as vehicle detection, variable message systems, Traffic communications) into a single interface that provides real-time data on traffic status and management predicts traffic conditions System (ATMS) Dynamic traffic control system, freeway operations management system, incident response system Advanced Provides travel related information used for decision-making on route choices, to avoid Traveler congestion and to estimate travel times. Information Used technologies: GPS enabled in-vehicle navigation systems, dynamic road message System (ATIS) signs for real-time communication on bottlenecks, accidents and maintenance issues. Advanced Used to enhance driver’s control on vehicles. E.g., Vehicle collision warning system Vehicle Control System (AVCS) Commercial Used in commercial vehicles such as vans, trucks, and taxis (assembled from navigation Vehicle system, computer and digital radio) and affords constant monitoring of operations by Operations central units. (CVO) Advanced Public Real time passenger information systems, bus arrival notification systems, automatic Transportation vehicle location systems, transit signal priority systems. System (APTS) Advanced Rural Information about remote road and other transportation systems Transportation System (ARTS)

ITS Components

A) Categorized Components by responsibility Sensors Automatic Automatic Vehicle GPS Automated Vehicle Locators (AVL) data acquisition Identifier (AVI) Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) provides communication between the Communication vehicle and the roadside. Wireless communication systems provide network connectivity Tools

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to vehicles. Data cleaning, fusion and analysis Variable message signs, SMS, the Internet, Highway Advisory Radio, automated phone messages, other media tools. These systems offer real-time information on travel times, travel speeds, accidents, delays, route closures and others. B) Categorized System Types by system type Traffic Freeway Transit Railroad Electronic Fare Payment Signal Manageme Manage Grade Technologies Control nt Systems ment Crossing Systems Safety Electronic Incident Traveler Information Emergency Management Toll Manageme Services Services Payment nt Systems

Intelligent Infrastructure And Vehicles

Arterial Freeway Transit Management Incident Management Intelligent Manageme Manageme Infrastructure nt nt Emergency Electronic Traveler Information Information Management Manageme Payment nt and Pricing Crash I Roadway Road Weather Commercial Vehicle Operations Preve n Operations Management ntion t and and e Maintenanc Safety re m o d a l F r e i g h t Collision Driver Collision Notification Systems Intelligent Avoidance Assistance Vehicles Systems Systems

In-Vehicle System Solutions

Fleet management: Public Bike rental Processing: In-vehicle Vehicle localization system: Engine control system Technical diagnostics Rental services Energy optimization solutions Fuel monitoring management Safety monitoring Route optimization Repairs and Driver behavior reallocation Data collection and processing Passenger Information Traffic information Video surveillance System system (real time) Data Analysis Traveler Information

TRANSPORTATION SUB-SECTORS and INDUSTRY 4.0 RELATED TECHNOLOGIES Industry 4.0 underlying concepts Sub-Sector Cyber-Physical Systems Smart City Internet of Things (IoT) Aviation Mode X X X Highway Mode X X X Maritime Mode X X X Pipeline Mode X X X Surface Transportation X X X Mode Industry 4.0 Digital Technologies Location Detection IoT platform (2) Advanced Human-Machine Technologies (1) Interfaces (3)

Sub-Sector Aviation Mode Highway Mode Maritime Mode Pipeline Mode Surface Transportation Mode

Authentication and Fraud Detection (4) Multilevel Customer Interaction and Customer Profiling (7) (1) (2) (3)

5. Industry 4.0 Transportation Showcases

In the United States of America, there was initiated the ‘IntelliDrive’ Initiative, which is a multimodal one, leveraging on wireless technology to enable communications among vehicles, the infrastructure, and passengers’ communication devices. Within this initiative the following dilemmas have to be addressed: Fast fleet penetration, vehicle or infrastructure first, and infrastructure deployment. The ‘Next Generation 9-1-1 initiative’ establishes public emergency communications services through all forms of communication media. Metropolitan areas implement four strategies to contribute to the relief of urban congestion: (1) Trolling (reducing congestion through fee payment), (2) Transit (promoting use of train, bus and ferries), (3) Telecommuting (enabling work from alternate locations) and (4) Technology (applying emerging technologies to support congestion reduction efforts. Japan is a pioneer in vehicle-based navigation systems, implementing first systems of Honda and Toyota in the 1980s. Digital road maps are available since 1990, Vehicle Information and Communication Systems (VICS) since 1996 and Electronic Toll Collection Systems (ETC) since 1997. In 2011 the country launched nationwide ITS Spot Services, which supports dynamic road guidance, the save driving support initiative and the realization of ETC. Japan focuses on the present on the development of a fully functional ITS. Canada has been at the forefront of intelligent transportation for half a century, installing the world first computer-controlled traffic signal system in the late 1950s; and implementing the COMBO smartcard in the 1990s. The user services of the Canadian ITS focuses on traveler information systems, traffic management services, electronic payment services, public transport services, commercial vehicle operations, emergency management services, vehicle safety and control systems, and information warehouse services. Current projects in Canada focus among others on ITS for school bus drivers (using ITS to detect children around school buses and warn drivers), traffic signal priority (allowing buses to receive priority at traffic signals when running behind schedule, reducing the number of stops at intersections, improving trip time reliability, and contributing to reducing operations costs. Automated vehicle tracking systems are used to collect and analyze data for validating and adjusting transit schedules. The City of Montreal hosts in 2017 the World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems. In the United Kingdom, several ITS approaches have been implemented successfully. Transport Direct (TD) combines all forms of public transport and enables users to compare with road journeys, and offers pricing information for driving and public transport. The Traffic Scotland Information Service (TSIS) provides real-time information about the Scottish road network to the traveling public. TSIS disseminates information across a variety of platforms, including, Variable Message Signs, desktop and mobile websites, smart phone applications, Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds, Twitter, a dedicated call center, national, local and commercial media and via a streaming internet radio service. The National Traffic Information Service (NTIS) provides accurate real-time traffic information to the public using some different method, Minimize the congestion caused by incidents, road works and events taking place near the motorway and trunk road network, and Provide information on diversions to help motorists 367

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avoid the queues. The UK has a mixture of free to air and private traffic information services that can be received in the vehicle, and information is delivered to vehicles by radio using the Traffic Message Channel (TMC). The Hands-Free Traffic Talker England App gives motorists access to real-time, personalized traffic and roadway travel information on the main highways in England. The term ‘Managed Motorways’ covers a number of interventions the UK is making on the strategic road network which utilize data collection and traffic management technologies to make better use of existing road space and add capacity where it is most urgently needed (smoothing the flow of traffic using variable speed limits, Traffic loop detectors, and CCTV cameras to monitor traffic flow and set mandatory speed limits accordingly, either by an automated system or by control centre operators).

6. Conclusions

Digitisation and the integration of companies’ horizontal and vertical value chains is a key focus, with digitization being used to improve transparency and to integrate planning and processes. In the logistics field, companies are using big data analytics for demand forecasting improving inventory planning, warehousing fulfilment, and distribution. The term Industry 4.0 refers to the combination of several innovations in digital technology. These technologies include advanced robotics and artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, sophisticated sensors, cloud computing, data capture and analytics, platforms that use algorithms to direct motor vehicles. Industry 4.0 takes shape, and transport logistics will also play an even more important role alongside data logistics. It can be seen that for all different transportation modes, such as aviation, maritime, highway or pipeline mode, Industry 4.0 related concepts, technologies and developed systems might be applied.

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