Water quality assessment of Dam Lakes located in Edirne province Turkey
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 2017, Vol. 35, Issue 4, pp. 743-750; doi.org/10.62051/ytu.sigma-journal-of-engineering-and-natural-sciences-water-quality-assessment-of-dam-lakes-located-in-edirne-province-turkey
Abstract
Keywords: Sultanköy; Altınyazı; Süloğlu; Kadıköy; Dam lakes; water quality; cluster analysis.
1. Introduction
Freshwater pollution is a matter of serious global concern today and unfortunately our water resources continuous to be more polluted day by day (Strobl and Robillard, 2008). It is required to assess a large number of physicochemical water quality data for an effective contamination control. Water quality assessment is also useful and necessary for an effective management of water resources (Dixon and Chiswell, 1996; Köse et all., 2014). Multivariate statistical techniques like Cluster Analysis (CA) helps to interpretation of complex data matrices to better understand the investigated freshwater environment (Shrestha and Kazama, 2007; Tokatlı, 2013; Tokatlı et al., 2014a).
Corresponding Author: e-mail: cemtokatli@trakya.edu.tr, tel: (284) 616 13 48 743
Sultanköy , Altınyazı, Süloğlu and Kadıköy Dam Lakes are the most important reservoirs of Edirne Province constructed to provide irrigation and drinking water to the local people (http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/). But as many freshwater ecosystems, they are under effect of a significant agricultural and domestic pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of Sultanköy, Altınyazı, Süloğlu and Kadıköy Dam Lakes by determining some limnologic parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), salinity, turbidity, Nitrate nitrogen (NO3), nitrite nitrogen (NO2), sulphate (SO4), phosphate (PO4), total carbon (TC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (BOD) and classify the reservoirs according to water quality characteristics by using Cluster Analysis (CA).
2.1. Study Area and Collection of Samples
Sultanköy, Altınyazı, Süloğlu and Kadıköy Dam Lakes and selected stations on the reservoirs are given in Figure 1. Coordinate informations of stations and some explanations about the dam lakes are given in Table 1. Water samples were collected in spring season of 2016 and one sample was taken from each selected stations on the dam lakes. Table 1. Location properties of selected stations (http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/) Name of Dam Lakes
Irrigation, 1320dam3 Flood Protection, Drinking water Irrigation, 185dam3 Flood Protection, Drinking water
2.2. Physicochemical Analysis
Measurements of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS) and salinity parameters were performed by using Hach branded (HQ40D) Portable Multi – Parameter Measurement Device and turbidity parameter was performed by using Hach branded (2100Q) Portable Turbidimeter Device during the field studies. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3), nitrite nitrogen (NO2), sulphate (SO4), phosphate (PO4), total carbon (TC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameters were performed by using Hach branded (DR3900) Spectrophotometer Device during the laboratory studies.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The primary purpose of Cluster Analysis (CA) is assembling objects based on the characteristics they possess. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering is one of the most common approaches in CA. It provides intuitive similarity relationships between any one sample and the entire data set and is typically illustrated by a dendrogram in order to provide visual summaries of 744
clustering processes (Shrestha and Kazama, 2007; Tokatlı, 2013). Bray Curtis similarity is a non – metric coefficient particularly common in ecology for the quantitative and qualitative standardized variables (Bray and Curtis, 1957). CA according to Bray Curtis, which was applied in order to classify the investigated dam lakes according to water quality characteristics, and Similarity and Distance Index (SDI) according to Bray Curtis, which was applied in order to determine the similarity coefficients of reservoirs, were applied to detected data by using PAST statistical software.
Figure 1. Reservoirs of Edirne Province and selected stations
3. Result And Discussion
The detected water quality parameters in Sultanköy, Altınyazı, Süloğlu and Kadıköy Dam Lakes and some national – international limit values are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Results of detected parameters and some limit values
According to the Water Pollution Control Regulation criteria in Turkey (20 04; 2012), all the investigated reservoirs have I. – II. Class water quality in terms of electrical conductivity, TDS, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and COD parameters; Sultanköy, Altınyazı and Kadıköy Dam Lakes have III. Class water quality in terms of nitrite parameter; Süloğlu and Sultanköy Dam Lakes have IV. Class water quality in terms of pH parameter; and Altınyazı and Kadıköy Dam Lakes have IV. Class water quality in terms of TOC parameter. Also the pH value recorded in Süloğlu Dam Lake was higher than the drinking water limit reported by the Turkish Standards Institute and Europinion Communities (TS266, 2005; EC, 2007); TDS values recorded in all the reservoirs (for cyprinids and salmonids) and nitrite values recorded in Sultanköy, Altınyazı and Kadıköy Dam Lakes (for salmonids) were significantly higher than the fish health limits reported by the Europinion Communities (EC, 2006). Organic carbon is known as the energy substrate for many microorganisms and various natural and anthropogenic activities result in the presence of dissolved organic carbon in water. Consumption of organic carbon by microbiologic activity in water contributes to the problem of inadequate dissolved oxygen (Mostofa et al., 2005; Chou et al., 2010). Nitrite that is known as an intermediate product in the biological oxidation process reaching from ammonium to nitrate can reach to high concentrations in low – oxygen and organically contaminated water. Fertilizers using intensively in agricultural activities, municipal wastewater discharges from settlement areas are significantly contaminating the freshwater bodies organically and they are known as the most important factors on increasing the amount of nitrite in water (Wetzel, 2001; Manahan, 2011; Tokatlı, 2015). Edirne Province of Turkey known as agriculture city contained rich soil and much freshwater resources. The detected quite high nitrite and TOC levels in almost all the reservoirs could be sourced from agricultural applications and settlement areas. Cluster Analysis (CA) is an important group of multivariate statistical techniques that helps to classify the investigated areas and it is widely used in environmental studies. CA provides valuable and easy explaining data and helps in the interpretation of complex data matrices for a better understanding of water quality and ecological status of the aquatic system and is being used in large numbers of countries in order to classify many different freshwater habitats (Tabachnick and Fidell, 1996; Tokatlı et al., 2013; Tokatlı, 2014; Tokatlı et al., 2014b; Ruzdjak and Ruzdjak, 2015; Tokatlı, 2017). In this study, CA was applied to detected data to classify the reservoirs according to water quality characteristics. The diagram of CA calculated by using psychochemical data is given in Figure 2. According to the results of CA, three statistically significant clusters were formed: Cluster 1 (C1) corresponded to Süloğlu Dam Lake that was classified as the unpolluted reservoir of Edirne; Cluster 2 (C2) corresponded to Kadıköy and Altınyazı Dam Lakes that were classified as the moderately polluted reservoirs of Edirne; Cluster 3 (C3) corresponded to Sultanköy Dam Lake that was classified as the polluted reservoir of Edirne. Maximum similarity was observed between Kadıköy and Altınyazı Dam Lakes (95%) and minimum similarity was observed between Süloğlu and Altınyazı Dam Lakes (57%) (Table 3).
Figure 2. Diagram of CA Table 3. Similarity coefficients of investigated dam lakes * Süloğlu Sultanköy Altınyazı Kadıköy 1 Süloğlu 0.61613 1 Sultanköy 0.93695 1 Altınyazı 0.57692 0.60336 0.95858 1 Kadıköy 0.95896 *Highest and lowest similarities are given in bold
4. Conclusion
In this study, water quality of Sultanköy, Altınyazı, Süloğlu and Kadıköy Dam Lakes located in the Edirne Province were evaluated by investigating some psychochemical water quality parameters. According to data observed, organic contents in water of almost all the reservoirs of Edirne Province were detected in quite high levels. According to the results of CA, three clusters of similar water quality characteristic were identified and the reservoirs were classified as unpolluted (Süloğlu Dam Lake), moderetaly polluted (Altınyazı and Kadıköy Dam Lakes) and polluted (Sultanköy Dam Lake). As a result of this study, it can be concluded that reservoirs of Edirne Province are under negative effect of a significant agricultural pressure and this situation cause to reduce the water quality. Nitrogenous and phosphorus are important plant nutrient and may limit the growth of agricultural crop, but it may also cause significant health problems in plants, animals and human, if exposed it in large amounts. In order to provide the sustainability of these reservoirs in terms of availability on a healthy use by local people, organic contents including mainly nitrogenous and phosphate concentrations of the dam lakes originated from agricultural and domestic applications must be reduced as soon as possible. 748
Share and Cite
TOKATLI, C.; BAŞTATLI, Y.; ELİPEK, B. Water quality assessment of Dam Lakes located in Edirne province Turkey. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 2017, Vol. 35, pp. 743-750. https://doi.org/10.62051/ytu.sigma-journal-of-engineering-and-natural-sciences-water-quality-assessment-of-dam-lakes-located-in-edirne-province-turkey